Cortical VIP+ /ChAT+ interneurons: From genetics to function.
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TL;DR: A thorough and updated picture of the properties of the VIP+ /ChAT+ interneurons is provided, including their genetic profile, their physiological and structural properties, and their input-output mapping in sensory cortices and the medial prefrontal cortex.
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Abstract: One of the urgent tasks of neuroscience is to understand how neuronal circuits operate, what makes them fail, and how to repair them when needed. Achieving this goal requires identifying the principal circuitry elements and their interactions with one another. However, what constitutes 'an atom' of a neuronal circuit, a neuronal type, is a complex question. In this review we focus on a class of cortical neurons that are exclusively identified by the expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The genetic profile of these VIP+ /ChAT+ interneurons suggests that they can release both γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine (ACh). This hints to a specific potential role in the cortical circuitry. Yet the VIP+ /ChAT+ interneurons are sparse (a mere 0.5% of the cortical neurons), which raises questions about their potential to significantly affect the circuit function. In view of recent developments in genetic techniques that allow for direct manipulation of these neurons, we provide a thorough and updated picture of the properties of the VIP+ /ChAT+ interneurons. We discuss their genetic profile, their physiological and structural properties, and their input-output mapping in sensory cortices and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Then, we examine possible amplification mechanisms for mediating their function in the cortical microcircuit. Finally, we discuss directions for further exploration of the VIP+ /ChAT+ population, focusing on its function during behavioral tasks as compared to the VIP+ /ChAT- population.
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Basal forebrain cholinergic signalling: development, connectivity and roles in cognition
TL;DR: This Review, Ananth and colleagues provide a comprehensive overview of the development, organization and function of different populations of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, and explores the participation of Cholinergic signalling in the encoding of cognition-related behaviours.
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Cholinergic and noradrenergic axonal activity contains a behavioral-state signal that is coordinated across the dorsal cortex
TL;DR: In this article , the authors used mesoscale two-photon calcium imaging to examine spontaneous activity of cholinergic and noradrenergic axons in awake mice in order to determine the interaction between arousal/movement state transitions and neuromodulatory activity across the dorsal cortex at distances separated by up to 4 mm.
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Cholinergic and noradrenergic axonal activity contains a behavioral-state signal that is coordinated across the dorsal cortex
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors used mesoscale two-photon calcium imaging to examine spontaneous activity of cholinergic and noradrenergic axons in awake mice in order to determine the interaction between arousal/movement state transitions and neuromodulatory activity across the dorsal cortex at distances separated by up to 4 mm.
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Cholinergic blockade of neuroinflammation: from tissue to RNA regulators
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TL;DR: In this paper , small RNA regulators of acetylcholine (ACh) signaling, including microRNAs (miRs) and transfer RNA fragments (tRFs), are argued to tilt the balance between innate and adaptive immunity, avoid chronic inflammation and prevent the neuroinflammation-mediated exacerbation of many neurological diseases.
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Cholinergic modulation of dendritic signaling in hippocampal GABAergic inhibitory interneurons.
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