Acknowledgements: The Panel wishes to thank the hearing experts: Tony Fletcher, Philippe Adam Grandjean and Marco Zeilmaker, and EFSA staff members: Davide Arcella for the support provided to this scientific output. The Panel acknowledges all European Competent Authorities that provided occurrence data on perfluoroalkylated substances in food, and supported the data collection for the Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. The Panel would also like to thank the following authors and co‐authors for providing additional data in relation to their respective studies: Esben Budtz‐Jorgensen, Jerry Campbell, Jessie A Gleason, Berit Granum, Mette Sorenson, Kyle Steenland and Kristina W Whitworth.

Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food

Coffee consumption is a known inducer of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) enzyme activity. We recently observed that a group of type-2 diabetes patients consumed more caffeine (coffee) on a daily basis than non-type-2 diabetes controls. Here, we investigated whether type-2 diabetes cases may metabolize caffeine faster than non-type-2 diabetes controls. To estimate CYP1A2 enzyme activity, an established marker of caffeine metabolism, we quantified the paraxanthine/caffeine concentration ratio in saliva in 57 type-2 diabetes and 146 non-type-2 diabetes participants in a case–control field study. All participants completed validated questionnaires regarding demographic status, health and habitual caffeine intake, and were genotyped for the functional -163C > A polymorphism of the CYP1A2 gene. In the diabetes group, we found a larger proportion of participants with the highly inducible CYP1A2 genotype. Furthermore, the paraxanthine/caffeine ratio, time-corrected to mitigate the impact of different saliva sampling times with respect to the last caffeine intake, was higher than in the control group. Participants who reported habitually consuming more caffeine than the population average showed higher CYP1A2 activity than participants with lower than average caffeine consumption. Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher caffeine intake was potentially an important mediator of higher CYP1A2 activity. Estimated CYP1A2 enzyme activity, and thus speed of caffeine metabolism, was higher in our type-2 diabetes group; this was possibly due to higher intake of caffeine, a known inducer of CYP1A2 enzyme activity. Given the fairly small sample sizes, the results need to be considered as preliminary and require validation in larger populations.

/pdf/assessment-of-cyp1a2-enzyme-activity-in-relation-to-type-2-3npd036geo.pdf

Assessment of CYP1A2 enzyme activity in relation to type-2 diabetes and habitual caffeine intake.

next thought was to try to put the two together: to apply BRAINS & AIMS principles to the top 100 drugs/classes and create a series of articles. The British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology has very recently published a Dutch list of 134 essential drugs. 19 The aim of these papers is not to provide a definitive/ authoritative prescribing resource; for that, refer to national or local resources, guidelines and drug monographs. Instead, it is to support education and spark discussion and debate. It is not possible to be fully comprehensive and include everything, and we will likely have missed something that you think is important or interesting, or incom-pletely explored or mischaracterised something. If you think we have, we invite you to write a letter to the Editor. Similarly, we are aware that we have written certain aspects from a British perspective, which may be less relevant or differ substantially from global use. If you find interesting differences compared with your own experience, please contact the journal to inform us. The manuscripts in the series are intended for a broad readership, including students and teachers of medicine, pharmacy and pharmacology, and the general readership of the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology to encourage discussion and to establish an updatable source of reference. More advanced-level material is indicated in italics and highlighted in italics in the papers. We start the “ BRAINS & AIMS " series of commonly prescribed (Top 100) drugs with metformin (this Editorial accompanies the first paper in the series — metformin 20 ) at the centenary of its discovery (in 1922). 21 While metformin was first used in 1957 in France, some of its key mechanisms of action were not elucidated until this century. 22

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/bcp.15654

Introduction to the “BRAINS & AIMS” series of pharmacological/prescribing principles of commonly prescribed (top 100) drugs: Education and discussion

Clinical pharmacology and toxicology

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Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food

Assessment of CYP1A2 enzyme activity in relation to type-2 diabetes and habitual caffeine intake.

Introduction to the “BRAINS & AIMS” series of pharmacological/prescribing principles of commonly prescribed (top 100) drugs: Education and discussion

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