Classical avoidance without a warning stimulus.
TL;DR: White rats were scheduled to be shocked every 15 sec; but they were given a limited time interval between shocks when they could prevent the next scheduled shock from occurring if they pressed a lever.
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Abstract: White rats were scheduled to be shocked every 15 sec; but they were given a limited time interval between shocks when they could prevent the next scheduled shock from occurring if they pressed a lever. The duration of this limited avoidance period was varied, as was its location within the interval between scheduled shocks. Response rate, shock frequency, and the temporal distribution of lever presses were examined. Conditions were generated in which the formation of a temporal discrimination prevented the animals from maintaining successful avoidance behavior.
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Avoidance and its bi-directional relationship with conditioned fear: Mechanisms, moderators, and clinical implications.
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Evidence for an expectancy-based theory of avoidance behaviour.
TL;DR: In most studies on avoidance learning, participants receive an aversive unconditioned stimulus after a warning signal is presented, unless the participant performs a particular response, but this work found that avoidance behaviour was based on an integration of acquired knowledge about the relation between behaviour and stimuli.
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References
Maintenance of Avoidance Behavior under Temporally Defined Contingencies
H. M. B. Hurwitz,J. R. Millenson +1 more
TL;DR: Operant behavior of rats was maintained at moderate frequencies by a temporally defined shock avoidance schedules which yielded an orderly response rate function which first rises to a maximum and then declines gradually to extinction.
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