The aim of this paper is to study the emergence of a working class in Akureyri in the period 1860‒1940, when capitalist society was evolving in Icelandic society. The research is based on censuses and  historical data and uses a research model based on the Marxist theory of social class. The main findings indicate that about 1860 foreign merchants were prominent in the population of Akureyri and the town had the character of a self-substinence community. From the latter part of the 19th century the community began to show increasing signs of a class-divided capitalist system. A radical change in the composition of the working class occurred during this period with a steady increase of labourers in industry and fishing. At the same time the number of independent artisans and domestic service personnel declined. The proletarization of the genders occurred later and happened at a slower rate among women. At the foundation of the Icelandic republic in 1944, Akureyri had all the characteristics of a prominent class division, where the different classes, and especially the genders, were seen as socially distinct. Markmið þessarar greinar er að rannsaka myndun verkalýðsstettar a Akureyri a timabilinu 1860‒1940 þegar kapitaliskt samfelag var i motun a Islandi. Byggt er a manntolum og oðrum sogulegum heimildum og stuðst er við rannsoknarlikan sem byggir a marxiskri stettakenningu. Niðurstoður leiða i ljos að um 1860 voru erlendir kaupmenn aberandi a Akureyri og samfelagið bar morg einkenni sjalfsþurftasamfelags. Fra siðari hluta 19. aldar tok baerinn a sig skýrari mynd kapitalisks stettasamfelags. Grundvallar breyting varð a innri gerð verkalýðsstettarinnar a umraeddu timabili með mikilli fjolgun verkafolks i iðnaði og sjavarutvegi sem raðið var sem launafolk af atvinnurekendum. Faekkaði þa sjalfstaeðu handverksfolki og hushjalp. Slik þroun er nefnd oreigaþroun, en hun hofst siðar og var meira aberandi meðal kvenna. Lýðveldistiminn a Akureyri hofst með aberandi stettaskiptingu, þ.e. felagslegri mismunun stetta og kynja.

/pdf/fra-sjalfsthurftasamfelagi-til-markadsthjodfelags-motun-4b06mc5e5s.pdf

Frá sjálfsþurftasamfélagi til markaðsþjóðfélags: Mótun verkalýðsstéttar á Akureyri 1860‒1940

This chapter chalks out the resurgence of interest in the socio-economic dimensions of health inequalities. The Black Report of 1980 in Britain dispelled the prevalent notion that contemporary British society is more egalitarian than in the past and showed that health inequalities have in fact increased over time and are strongly correlated to the economic or occupational status of individuals. The contention of this chapter is that income inequalities with their genesis in class structures have led to health inequalities. Prevalent public health policy, which is rooted in the philosophy of neoliberal philosophy, serves to perpetuate inequalities and in doing so reverses public health logic and history. Even Wilkinson’s theory of social cohesion/capital, modelled in the Durkheimian tradition of moral individualism, distances itself from a true population perspective. In fact, it creates a smokescreen through its claim as an alternative paradigm and thereby pushes the task of public health further back. Under Wilkinson’s model, the real shift has been only that of ‘community blaming’ in place of individual ‘victim blaming’. The attainment of better health status becomes the responsibility of the community as a whole through such measures as better social cohesion and solidarity, and better health is the responsibility of the individual through measures such as behaviour modification, self-help and self-control. In both the cases, the state has no role to play and there is no space for macrostructural change.

Polemics and Politics of Health Inequalities: A Critique

 Общество , неравенство , стратификация , иерархия , потребности , инновационное общество IA Pankratov, GR Shamyenova THEORETICAL BASIS FOR STRATIFICATION ASSESSMENT OF THE INNOVATIVE SOCIETY The main classical concepts of social stratification of society are analyzed The factors having the greatest impact on the formation of inequality in innovative society are identified A model for analyzing the inequality in society on the basis of assessment of the realized opportunities of a person is offered A special focus is made on the specific factors related with the various stratification levels which influence the social status of various segments of population, including particular individuals Such analysis allows to estimate the stratification of innovative society and efficiency of social transformations Society, inequality, stratification, hierarchy, requirements, innovative society Политические и экономические преобразования , начавшиеся в постсоветский период , повлек-ли за собой процессы социальной трансформации российского общества  Переходному и постпере-ходному периоду свойственно возникновение трудностей при изучении социальных отношений и общества в целом  В этих условиях проблемы стратификации и взаимоотношения различных соци-альных групп всегда занимают приоритетное положение  Проводимый анализ состояния общества основывается , прежде всего , на классических подхо-дах к вопросу стратификации , которые широко представлены в работах К Маркса и М Вебера , а также переосмыслены и дополнены их последователями  Тем не менее обозначенные выше подходы яв-ляются основополагающими при оценке общества в целом , а также неравенства , в нем возникающего  Однако подходы классиков актуальны для развитых европейских и североамериканских об-ществ , которые уже сформировали четкую внутреннюю структуру  Особняком здесь встает общество России , поскольку процесс его трансформации нельзя считать законченным  В связи с этим встает вопрос правильной оценки российского социума  Для этого необходимо использовать теорию , несколько отличную от марксистских и веберианских , которая учитывает именно отечественные условия  В связи с этим авторами данной работы предлагается новая модель для описания российского общества  Анализируя проблемы социально -экономического неравенства в современной России , прихо-дится учитывать как общемировые тенденции , так и специфические особенности страны  Принад-лежность России к трансформирующимся обществам , переживающим переход от советской системы к новому состоянию , обусловливает специфические особенности ее функционирования и развития  Авторитетные российские ученые , такие как ОИ Шкаратан и ТИ Заславская , а также ряд других , выделяют характерные особенности российского общества  В трансформирующемся обществе , каковым является и российское , традиционные критерии социальной стратификации утрачивают свою силу и убедительность , вследствие чего происходит верификация разнообразных стратификационных шкал или их комбинаций  Казалось бы , устойчивые и испытанные независимые критерии ( доход , уровень образования ) не дают адекватной картины стратификации в переходном обществе , где , скажем , значительная часть источников индивидуальных доходов относится к так называемой «неофициальной » или «серой » экономике [1] Переходный период характеризуется изменением силы воздействия факторов , влияющих на стратификацию  Наблюдается ослабление государственной власти , порождающее напряженную борьбу политических партий и группировок  Дестабилизация власти способствует относительному ослаблению роли политического компонента социальной стратификации  Объем властных и полити-ческих полномочий , тем не менее, оказывает значительное влияние на формирование социального статуса  Однако главенствующую роль в формировании статуса начинает играть «экономико -политический » фактор , который включает три компонента : владение капиталом , производящим до-ход ; причастность к процессам распределения , перемещения и обмена общественного продукта ; уро-вень личных доходов и потребления  Особая роль принадлежит первому компоненту [2]

Theoretical basis for stratification assessment of the innovative society

Women managers in Hyderabad: a sociological study

/pdf/a-step-in-the-wright-direction-mapping-the-structural-1wplombm4e.pdf

A Step in the "Wright" Direction: Mapping the Structural Locations of the "New Class".

Class structure and income determination

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Frá sjálfsþurftasamfélagi til markaðsþjóðfélags: Mótun verkalýðsstéttar á Akureyri 1860‒1940

Polemics and Politics of Health Inequalities: A Critique

Theoretical basis for stratification assessment of the innovative society

Women managers in Hyderabad: a sociological study

A Step in the "Wright" Direction: Mapping the Structural Locations of the "New Class".

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