Chromium toxicity in plants.

TL;DR: An integrated approach was performed on the soil, plant-crops and groundwater system at the Thiva basin, to evaluate the extent and intensity of the heavy metal contamination, the percentage of metals transferred into plants/crops (bio-accumulation) and the potential sources of contamination.

TL;DR: The increased phytotoxic effect for lettuce in Cr(III) spiked soil can be attributed to the reduction of Mn and subsequent release of Mn(II), and Mn speciation should be considered, and bioavailable Mn concentration should be monitored although Cr existed as Cr( III) in soil.

TL;DR: In this article , a review describes the consequences of chromium toxicity on plants, including morphological, physiological and ultrastructural changes, and suggests some possible management and remediation strategies to alleviate Cr toxicity and contamination in soil.

TL;DR: The translocation efficiency of over 80% in this study demonstrates that a large proportion of Cr has been translocated to the harvestable biomass of the plant and therefore, this plant could be effectively recommended for the remediation of soils contaminated with low to medium level of contamination i.e., up to 50 mg/kg soil.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that knowledge of interconversion processes between different Cr forms is necessary to understand its behaviour and role in the environment, in addition to enabling reliable Cr speciation analysis to be performed.

TL;DR: Little molecular understanding of plant activities critical to phytoremediation has been achieved, but recent progress in characterizing Fe, Cd and Zn uptake by Arabidopsis and yeast mutants indicates strategies for developing transgenic improved phytOREmediation cultivars for commercial use.

TL;DR: The interactions of bacteria, algae, fungi and plants with Cr and its compounds are summarized and proposed as potential biotechnological tools for the bioremediation of Cr pollution.