CHAPTER 17 – Virus Diseases

Many forests around the world have been changed from complex mixtures of woody and herbaceous species to intensively managed plantations consisting of only one or a few species. Many forests, especially in Europe, are no longer wild places. As forests become monocultures of one or several species, and as they suffer from mismanagement, past cutting practices, planting of species "off site", etc, they become more vulnerable to the impacts of biotic and abiotic stresses. Declines, caused by abiotic and biotic factors, have been reported in more or less restricted areas for many years (37, 41, 5 1 , 83, 1 08, 1 32). In contrast, in Europe widespread forest deterioration has been reported since the 1 970s (25, 50, 1 55, 1 56, 1 74). Forest decline has become a popular issue, especially in connection with air pollution emanating from industrialized areas. Natural factors, i.e. drought, frost injury, insect damage, and disease, have been considered of minor importance. However, the interaction of interchangeable predisposing, inciting, and contributing factors may lead to gradual or sudden decline ( 1 1 3). Recent findings of viruses and virus-like diseases in forest trees have stimulated us to review the extent and role of viruses in forest ecosys­ tems. We begin with a summary of the viruses reported in forest ecosystems and recovered from forest tree species. Viruses of shade and ornamental species and unsubstantiated reports of virus-like symptoms are not discussed. The

Viruses in Forest Trees

(1989). Antiviral chemicals for plant disease control. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 45-88.

Antiviral chemicals for plant disease control

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mechanism of disease induction and the regulation of pathogenesis and symptom expression in virus-infected plants. At the whole-plant level, virus multiplication and spread more often than not are impeded as a result of the activation of resistance mechanisms. It is reported that the expression of whole plant resistance requires an activation of the cells neighboring the point of entry of the virus. This activation involves changes in the patterns of transcription and translation, must be nuclear controlled, and is probably mediated by diffusible messengers with hormone-like properties. Systemic infection may result when the virus is able to specifically suppress this response, perhaps by interfering directly with the genetic control mechanisms regulating resistance. At least two properties of the virus are essential for successful systemic infection: (1) the virus must multiply and spread sufficiently rapidly to neighboring cells to be able to suppress the activation of resistance reactions by the chemical messengers diffusing from infected cells, or to remain ahead when it cannot, and (2) the virus must be able to specifically interact with the genetic control mechanisms. Because all virally coded proteins, perhaps with the exception of coat protein, have been implicated in virus multiplication and spread, variations in these proteins may, at least indirectly, affect symptom expression. These considerations can explain why all parts of the genetic information of viruses appear to contain determinants for pathogenicity.

Disease induction by plant viruses.

Line pattern of birch caused by apple mosaic virus.

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CHAPTER 17 – Virus Diseases

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References

Viruses in Forest Trees

Antiviral chemicals for plant disease control

Disease induction by plant viruses.

Line pattern of birch caused by apple mosaic virus.

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