Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of limiting factors in utilization of technical lignins is presented, and four major classes of problems are identified, and approaches to overcoming these problems are suggested.
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Abstract: The primary aim of modern biorefineries is the efficient conversion of lignocellulosic materials into valuable products. Sugars and oils can be converted into valuable chemicals, but processing of lignin is still a challenge. A vast amount of lignin is incinerated to produce process steam and energy, and only a very small part is used for the production of value-added products. Technical lignins are isolated as by-streams in lignocellulosic refineries, e.g., as kraft, soda, organosolv, and hydrolysis lignins, as well as lignosulphonates. They have a modified structure and contain impurities that are dependent on the processing method. The structure and the composition of technical lignins restrict their subsequent applications. This paper reviews limiting factors in utilization of technical lignins. Four major classes of problems are identified, and approaches to overcoming these problems are suggested.
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Citations
Chemicals From Lignin
Hao Luo,Mahdi M. Abu-Omar +1 more
- 01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: In this article, a brief review on products derived from lignin, their utilization, and potential commercial value are discussed, as well as environmental and sustainability benefits from depolymerization and upgrading by different technologies.
89
Lignin and Lignin Based Materials for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water-An Overview
Ayesha Naseer,Anum Jamshaid,Almas Hamid,Nawshad Muhammad,Moinuddin Ghauri,Jibran Iqbal,Sikander Rafiq,Shahzad khuram,Noor S. Shah +8 more
TL;DR: A review of the recent literature on the use of natural lignin residues for heavy metals adsorption under different experimental scenarios is presented in this article, where agricultural by-products proved to be suitable as low-cost adsorbents for removing heavy metals efficiently in a minimum time.
88
Production of Flocculants, Adsorbents, and Dispersants from Lignin
Jiachuan Chen,Armin Eraghi Kazzaz,Niloofar Alipoormazandarani,Zahra Hosseinpour Feizi,Pedram Fatehi,Pedram Fatehi +5 more
TL;DR: The pathways to produce water soluble lignin-based flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to produce such products are critically discussed.
88
Switchable ionic liquids as delignification solvents for lignocellulosic materials
Ikenna Anugwom,Valerie Eta,Pasi Virtanen,Päivi Mäki-Arvela,Mattias Hedenström,Michael Hummel,Herbert Sixta,Jyri-Pekka Mikkola,Jyri-Pekka Mikkola +8 more
TL;DR: TheMEA-SO2 -SIL proved more efficient than the MEA-CO2 - SIL, and a better solvent for lignin removal, and the composition of undissolved wood after this fractionation method was studied.
87
Transparent and homogenous cellulose nanocrystal-lignin UV protection films
Zhihua Jiang,Mahesh Parit +1 more
- 20 Mar 2019
TL;DR: This work shows for the first time that CNC aqueous suspensions with and without containing lignin could be tuned through the addition of NaOH to produce transparent and homogenous films, providing a simple and green approach in engineering CNC/lignin UV-protection films.
87
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