Case Control Studies
TL;DR: Few issues in epidemiology have led to more controversy than the validity of case-control studies, and bias inherent to this type of study makes the interpretation of its results virtually impossible.
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Abstract: Case-control studies are a type of epidemiological study in which subjects are selected based on whether they have the outcome of interest, and then are examined for the presence of a prior exposure. By conditioning on outcome rather than exposure, case-control studies are very well suited to studies of rare outcomes, but are prone to selection bias in the identification of controls. Relative risks cannot be calculated from case-control studies, only odds ratios.
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Nathan Mantel,William Haenszel +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the role and limitations of retrospective investigations of factors possibly associated with the occurrence of a disease are discussed and their relationship to forward-type studies emphasized, and examples of situations in which misleading associations could arise through the use of inappropriate control groups are presented.
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Case-Control Studies. Design, Conduct, Analysis.
Abstract: Case-control studies, often called 'retrospective' studies, provide a research method for investigating factors that may prevent or cause disease. Basically the method involves comparison of patients (cases) with a group of controls that consists of persons who are free of the disease under study.
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A case-cohort design for epidemiologic cohort studies and disease prevention trials
TL;DR: A design is proposed which involves covariate data only for cases experiencing failure and for members of a randomly selected subcohort, which has relevance to epidemiologic cohort studies and disease prevention trials.
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