What is the advantage of the operation mode?

This operation mode has the advantage that only the line at propagates from to through the fiber, while only the sidebands of the modulated signal propagate from to and can be detected.

What is the maximum gain of a fiber?

The maximum gain increases with temperature and should be proportional to , so that the Brillouin gain spectrum integrated over all frequencies remains constant.

What is the polarization coefficient of the fiber?

Under the assumption that the wavelength separation between the two relevant sidebands is very small and the birefringence is small, the sidebands are in the same state of polarization at any location along the fiber.

How many microwatts of power should be used for a 700-m fiber?

For instance, for a 700-m fiber and a pump power of 20 mW, the sidebands power should not exceed 10 microwatt, as can be seen in Fig.

What is the accurate measurement of BGS in optical fibers to their knowledge?

This represents the most accurate measurement of BGS in optical fibers to their knowledge and this technique is currently used to perform calibration measurement on the dependence of the BGS on environmental quantities.

What is the effect of strain on the central frequency of optical fibers?

As previously reported [19], the central frequency shows a strong dependence on strain of several tens of MHz for a 1% elongation.

What is the maximum and minimum value of the Brillouin gain coefficient?

The measured maximum and minimum value of the gain are respectively 67% and 33% of the Brillouin gain coefficient m/W, in full agreement with the measured value in polarization maintaining fibers.

Open AccessJournal Article10.1109/50.633570

Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers

Marc Nikles, +2 more

- 01 Oct 1997

- Journal of Lightwave Technology

- Vol. 15, Iss: 10, pp 1842-1851

920

TL;DR: In this paper, a pump and probe based method for Brillouin gain spectrum measurements in optical fibers is presented, which uses a single laser source together with an external modulator to generate the interacting lightwaves.

Abstract: A novel method for Brillouin gain spectrum measurements in optical fibers is presented. It is based on the pump and probe technique with the specificity to use a single laser source together with an external modulator to generate the interacting lightwaves. The high accuracy and inherent stability of the technique makes it suitable for calibration and reference measurements. Different fibers with different refractive index profiles have been tested and characterized. The problem of the evolution of the polarization of the interacting waves is addressed in the article and a polarization insensitive determination of the actual Brillouin gain coefficient is made possible through two successive measurements with different polarizations. The effects of strain and temperature on the Brillouin gain spectrum are also fully characterized.

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1. What are the contributions in "Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers - lightwave technology, journal of " ?

A novel method for Brillouin gain spectrum measurements in optical fibers is presented.. The problem of the evolution of the polarization of the interacting waves is addressed in the article and a polarization insensitive determination of the actual Brillouin gain coefficient is made possible through two successive measurements with different polarizations.

2. What are the future works in "Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers - lightwave technology, journal of " ?

Thanks to these measurements one can conclude that the Brillouin central frequency depends very linearly on either temperature or strain over an extended range ( 30 C C, % ).

3. What is the reason for the broadening of the optical fiber?

8. This broadening is attributed to antiguiding properties of the core for acoustic waves, due to the addition of fluoride in the cladding, resulting in an enhanced acoustic loss accordingly.

4. What is the effect of temperature on the Brillouin linewidth?

According to works achieved using fused quartz [18], the phonon absorption peaks at a temperature close to 100 K where the Brillouin linewidth must be maximum, accordingly.

TABLE I SUMMARY OF THE MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED ONDIFFERENT SINGLE MODE OPTICAL FIBERS, TOGETHER WITH SOME FIBERS CHARACTERISTICS AND CALCULATED GAIN. VALUES FOR BULK SILICA ARE EXTRAPOLATED FROM REPORTED MEASUREMENTS

Fig. 7. Measured dependence of the Stokes frequency shift B on the GeO2-core concentration.

Fig. 1. Experimental setup for Brillouin gain spectrum measurements using an electrooptic modulator (EOM) to generate the interaction waves. (PC = polarization controller.)

Fig. 8. Measured dependence of the Brillouin linewidth B on the GeO2-core concentration.

Fig. 9. Brillouin gain spectrum of a single-mode fiber measured at different temperatures showing the effects of temperature on the central frequency and the linewidth and the peak gain.

Fig. 2. Optical intensity spectra scanned with a Fabry–Perot analyzer of a single frequency laser modulated by an electrooptic modulator. (a) Carrier and first order sidebands and (b) suppression of the carrier by properly setting the dc bias on the modulator electrodes.

Citations

Journal Article•10.1016/J.YOFTE.2004.08.004

Characterization of optical fibers for optimization of a Brillouin scattering based fiber optic sensor

Kellie Brown, +2 more

- 01 Apr 2005

- Optical Fiber Technology

TL;DR: In this paper, a number of optical fibers have been measured in order to determine how to optimize their Brillouin characteristics including the number of BrillouIN peaks, the frequency of the peaks, their linewidth, the temperature and strain coefficient of each peak, and the LiDAR coefficients.

...read moreread less

Brillouin Linewidth Characterization in Single Mode Large Effective Area Fiber through Co-Pumped Technique

Hamid Alasadi, +3 more

- 04 Oct 2010

TL;DR: In this paper, the Brillouin linewidth with different fiber lengths and its relationship with stimulated scattering threshold power are given. And the results highlight that the narrowest linwidth of the Stokes wave range lies between 9 MHz and 14 MHZ for input probe signal power -7 dBm and 14 dBm laser pump power with different fibers lengths.

...read moreread less

•Proceedings Article•10.1117/12.323342

Applications of distributed Brillouin fiber sensing

Luc Thévenaz, +4 more

- 29 Sep 1998

TL;DR: In this article, a novel optical sensor for long-range distributed strain and temperature measurements along an optical fiber is presented, based on a nonlinear effect called stimulated Brilloum scattering.

...read moreread less

•Journal Article•10.1016/J.PROCHE.2009.07.099

Distributed Fibre Optic Sensor System for Temperature and Strain Monitoring Based on Brillouin Optical-Fibre Frequency-Domain Analysis

Aleksander Wosniok, +2 more

- 01 Sep 2009

- Procedia Chemistry

TL;DR: In this article, a distributed fiber optic monitoring system for detection of strain and temperature along single-mode fibres is presented based on the Brillouin optical-fibre frequency-domain analysis (BOFDA).

...read moreread less

•Journal Article•10.1364/OE.25.032591

High sensitivity distributed temperature fiber sensor using stimulated Brillouin scattering

Victor Lambin Iezzi, +2 more

- 25 Dec 2017

- Optics Express

TL;DR: In this article, a distributed higher order Stokes SBS temperature fiber-sensor was proposed to increase the achievable sensitivity to over 4 MHz/°C by using time-gating for distributed sensing.

...read moreread less

...

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References

•Book

Nonlinear Fiber Optics

Govind P. Agrawal

- 01 Jan 1989

TL;DR: The field of nonlinear fiber optics has advanced enough that a whole book was devoted to it as discussed by the authors, which has been translated into Chinese, Japanese, and Russian languages, attesting to the worldwide activity in the field.

...read moreread less

16.6K

Journal Article•10.1109/50.59195

Limitations on lightwave communications imposed by optical-fiber nonlinearities

Andrew R. Chraplyvy

- 01 Oct 1990

- Journal of Lightwave Technology

TL;DR: In this paper, the power limitations of light-wave systems were analyzed as a function of a number of wavelength-multiplexed channels and methods for scaling these results with changes in system parameters were presented.

...read moreread less

825

Journal Article•10.1109/68.34756

Tensile strain dependence of Brillouin frequency shift in silica optical fibers

Tsuneo Horiguchi, +2 more

- 01 May 1989

- IEEE Photonics Technology Letters

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the Brillouin frequency shift in a single-mode optical fiber as a function of tensile strain and found that the strain coefficient was 4.4 for silica fibers.

...read moreread less

616

•Journal Article•10.1364/OL.21.000758

Simple distributed fiber sensor based on Brillouin gain spectrum analysis

Marc Nikles, +2 more

- 15 May 1996

- Optics Letters

TL;DR: A novel configuration of a distributed fiber sensor by Brillouin gain analysis using a single laser source, and the required light signals are all generated with an electro-optic modulator, resulting in high stability and excellent reliability of the measuring setup.

...read moreread less

504

Journal Article•10.1109/50.285349

Polarization properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode fibers

M.O. van Deventer, +1 more

- 01 Apr 1994

- Journal of Lightwave Technology

TL;DR: In this paper, the polarization properties of stimulated brillouin scattering (SBS) in low birefringent optical fibers were evaluated using Stokes calculus, and it was found that the Brillouin gain for orthogonally polarized pump and probe wave is half (in dB) of the gain for identical polarization, and not equal as often mentioned in literature.

...read moreread less

307

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Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers

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Most frequently asked questions

1. What are the contributions in "Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers - lightwave technology, journal of " ?

2. What are the future works in "Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fibers - lightwave technology, journal of " ?

3. What is the reason for the broadening of the optical fiber?

4. What is the effect of temperature on the Brillouin linewidth?

5. What is the advantage of the operation mode?

6. What is the maximum gain of a fiber?

7. What is the polarization coefficient of the fiber?

8. How many microwatts of power should be used for a 700-m fiber?

9. What is the accurate measurement of BGS in optical fibers to their knowledge?

10. What is the effect of strain on the central frequency of optical fibers?

11. What is the maximum and minimum value of the Brillouin gain coefficient?

Figures

Citations

Characterization of optical fibers for optimization of a Brillouin scattering based fiber optic sensor

Brillouin Linewidth Characterization in Single Mode Large Effective Area Fiber through Co-Pumped Technique

Applications of distributed Brillouin fiber sensing

Distributed Fibre Optic Sensor System for Temperature and Strain Monitoring Based on Brillouin Optical-Fibre Frequency-Domain Analysis

High sensitivity distributed temperature fiber sensor using stimulated Brillouin scattering

References

Nonlinear Fiber Optics

Limitations on lightwave communications imposed by optical-fiber nonlinearities

Tensile strain dependence of Brillouin frequency shift in silica optical fibers

Simple distributed fiber sensor based on Brillouin gain spectrum analysis

Polarization properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode fibers

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Simple distributed fiber sensor based on Brillouin gain spectrum analysis