Bone density determination
TL;DR: Bone mineral density determination is an integral part of the diagnosis, therapeutic planning, and monitoring of a patient with osteoporosis, incorporating genetic, nutritional, lifestyle, pharmacologic, and endocrine risk factors.
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Abstract: Bone mineral density determination is an integral part of the diagnosis, therapeutic planning, and monitoring of a patient with osteoporosis. Although the utility of measuring bone density seems intuitive, decisions must be made regarding whom to test, when to test, which technique to use, and which body site to evaluate. Once a determination has been made, consideration has to be given to what to do with the results. Each patient must be individually considered, incorporating genetic, nutritional, lifestyle, pharmacologic, and endocrine risk factors. Other diseases that may be associated with a reduced bone mass must be excluded.
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The diagnosis of osteoporosis
TL;DR: This paper summarizes issues and proposes diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis for practical use and addresses a number of problems which need to be addressed in adapting a conceptual definition for clinical use.
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TL;DR: Roentgenograms of the hip region, in a series of thirty-five patients above the age of fifty years, were studied with particular reference to the trabecular pattern of the upper end of the femur, suggesting that these patterns can be utilized as a roentgenographic scale for the diagnosis and grading of osteoporosis.
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TL;DR: Study of nonblack women aged 65 years and older who had measurements of bone mineral density using single-photon absorptiometry in the calcaneus, distal radius, and proximal radius concludes that decreased bone density in the appendicular skeleton is associated with an increased risk of hip fracture.
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