Journal Article10.1038/NRMICRO2315
Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms.
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TL;DR: This Review highlights the most important antiviral mechanisms of bacteria as well as the counter-attacks used by phages to evade these systems.
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Abstract: Phages are now acknowledged as the most abundant microorganisms on the planet and are also possibly the most diversified. This diversity is mostly driven by their dynamic adaptation when facing selective pressure such as phage resistance mechanisms, which are widespread in bacterial hosts. When infecting bacterial cells, phages face a range of antiviral mechanisms, and they have evolved multiple tactics to avoid, circumvent or subvert these mechanisms in order to thrive in most environments. In this Review, we highlight the most important antiviral mechanisms of bacteria as well as the counter-attacks used by phages to evade these systems.
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Citations
Spatial Vulnerability: Bacterial Arrangements, Microcolonies, and Biofilms as Responses to Low Rather than High Phage Densities
TL;DR: Limits on bacterial movement, resulting in the formation of cellular arrangements, microcolonies, or biofilms, could increase the vulnerability of bacteria to phage adsorption, consistent with particle transport theory.
Antagonistic Microbial Interactions: Contributions and Potential Applications for Controlling Pathogens in the Aquatic Systems.
TL;DR: The presently known biotic interactions between autochthonous microbes and pathogens introduced into the aquatic environment, including protozoan grazing, virus-induced bacterial cell lysis, antimicrobial substances, and predatory bacteria are discussed.
Phages in the Gut Ecosystem
TL;DR: Evidence for phage modulation of the gut microbiome is discussed, postulating that phages are pivotal contributors to the gut ecosystem dynamics.
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Bacteriophages are synergistic with bacterial interference for the prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation on urinary catheters.
Kershena S. Liao,Susan M. Lehman,David J. Tweardy,Rodney M. Donlan,Barbara W. Trautner,Barbara W. Trautner +5 more
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that pretreating urinary catheters with benign Escherichia coli HU2117 plus an antipseudomonal bacteriophage (ΦE2005‐A) would prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation on catheter – a pivotal event in the pathogenesis of catheter‐associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI).
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Conversion of staphylococcal pathogenicity islands to CRISPR-carrying antibacterial agents that cure infections in mice
TL;DR: It is shown that both ABDs block the development of a murine subcutaneous S. aureus abscess and that the bactericidal module rescues mice given a lethal dose of S.Aureus intraperitoneally.
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CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes
Rodolphe Barrangou,Christophe Fremaux,Hélène Deveau,Melissa Richards,Patrick Boyaval,Sylvain Moineau,Dennis A. Romero,Philippe Horvath +7 more
TL;DR: It is found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences, and CRISPR provided resistance against phages, and resistance specificity is determined by spacer-phage sequence similarity.
Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes
Stan J. J. Brouns,Matthijs M. Jore,Magnus Lundgren,Edze R. Westra,Rik J. H. Slijkhuis,Ambrosius P. Snijders,Mark J. Dickman,Kira S. Makarova,Eugene V. Koonin,John van der Oost +9 more
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the formation of mature guide RNAs by the CRISPR RNA endonuclease subunit of Cascade is a mechanistic requirement for antiviral defense.
CRISPR/Cas, the Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea
TL;DR: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) form peculiar genetic loci, which provide acquired immunity against viruses and plasmids by targeting nucleic acid in a sequence-specific manner.
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Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product.
TL;DR: Neither the isozyme-converting activity nor labeled Iap proteins were detected in the osmotic-shock fluid of cells carrying a multicopy iap plasmid, and the Iap protein seems to be associated with the membrane.
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Intervening Sequences of Regularly Spaced Prokaryotic Repeats Derive from Foreign Genetic Elements
TL;DR: It is shown that CRISPR spacers derive from preexisting sequences, either chromosomal or within transmissible genetic elements such as bacteriophages and conjugative plasmids, implying a relationship betweenCRISPR and immunity against targeted DNA.
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