Journal Article10.1038/NRMICRO2315
Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms.
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TL;DR: This Review highlights the most important antiviral mechanisms of bacteria as well as the counter-attacks used by phages to evade these systems.
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Abstract: Phages are now acknowledged as the most abundant microorganisms on the planet and are also possibly the most diversified. This diversity is mostly driven by their dynamic adaptation when facing selective pressure such as phage resistance mechanisms, which are widespread in bacterial hosts. When infecting bacterial cells, phages face a range of antiviral mechanisms, and they have evolved multiple tactics to avoid, circumvent or subvert these mechanisms in order to thrive in most environments. In this Review, we highlight the most important antiviral mechanisms of bacteria as well as the counter-attacks used by phages to evade these systems.
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TL;DR: A phage therapy model is proposed that considers the nonlinear dynamics arising from interactions between bacteria, phage and the host innate immune system and identifies a synergistic regime in this model in which phages and the innate immune response jointly contribute to the elimination of the target bacteria.
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How Phages Overcome the Challenges of Drug Resistant Bacteria in Clinical Infections
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TL;DR: Pre-clinical phage-antibiotic combination treatments, with emphasis on antibiotic-susceptible bacterial targets, are examined, reviewing evidence of antibiotic interference with phage infection activity along with its converse: phage antibacterial functioning despite antibiotic presence.
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The dawn of phage therapy.
TL;DR: This review highlights the most recent advances and progress in phage therapy and bacterial hosts against which phage research is currently being conducted with respect to food, human, and marine pathogens.
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TL;DR: It is found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences, and CRISPR provided resistance against phages, and resistance specificity is determined by spacer-phage sequence similarity.
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TL;DR: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) form peculiar genetic loci, which provide acquired immunity against viruses and plasmids by targeting nucleic acid in a sequence-specific manner.
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TL;DR: Neither the isozyme-converting activity nor labeled Iap proteins were detected in the osmotic-shock fluid of cells carrying a multicopy iap plasmid, and the Iap protein seems to be associated with the membrane.
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