Journal Article10.1038/NRMICRO2315
Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms.
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TL;DR: This Review highlights the most important antiviral mechanisms of bacteria as well as the counter-attacks used by phages to evade these systems.
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Abstract: Phages are now acknowledged as the most abundant microorganisms on the planet and are also possibly the most diversified. This diversity is mostly driven by their dynamic adaptation when facing selective pressure such as phage resistance mechanisms, which are widespread in bacterial hosts. When infecting bacterial cells, phages face a range of antiviral mechanisms, and they have evolved multiple tactics to avoid, circumvent or subvert these mechanisms in order to thrive in most environments. In this Review, we highlight the most important antiviral mechanisms of bacteria as well as the counter-attacks used by phages to evade these systems.
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Citations
Liposome Entrapment of Bacteriophages Improves Wound Healing in a Diabetic Mouse MRSA Infection.
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TL;DR: What is known about phage communities in the oral cavity, the possible contributions of phage in shaping oral bacterial ecology, and the risks to public health oral phage may pose through their potential to spread antibiotic resistance gene functions to close contacts are summarized.
Marine Viruses: Key Players in Marine Ecosystems.
TL;DR: Viruses were recognized as the causative agents of fish diseases, such as infectious pancreatic necrosis and Oregon sockeye disease, in the early 1960s and have since been shown to be responsible for diseases in all marine life from bacteria to protists, mollusks, crustaceans, fish and mammals.
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Unlocking the next generation of phage therapy: the key is in the receptors
TL;DR: It is proposed that understanding the function and location of these phage receptors can open the door to improved and innovative ways to use phage therapy, and recommends priority groups of hosts and phages.
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Effective inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium in fresh produce by a phage cocktail targeting multiple host receptors.
TL;DR: A novel phage cocktail consisting of the three phages that target different host receptors, including flagella, O-antigen and BtuB, respectively, exhibited good antimicrobial efficiency, suggesting that it could reduce S. Typhimurium contamination of fresh produce.
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CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes
Rodolphe Barrangou,Christophe Fremaux,Hélène Deveau,Melissa Richards,Patrick Boyaval,Sylvain Moineau,Dennis A. Romero,Philippe Horvath +7 more
TL;DR: It is found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences, and CRISPR provided resistance against phages, and resistance specificity is determined by spacer-phage sequence similarity.
Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes
Stan J. J. Brouns,Matthijs M. Jore,Magnus Lundgren,Edze R. Westra,Rik J. H. Slijkhuis,Ambrosius P. Snijders,Mark J. Dickman,Kira S. Makarova,Eugene V. Koonin,John van der Oost +9 more
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the formation of mature guide RNAs by the CRISPR RNA endonuclease subunit of Cascade is a mechanistic requirement for antiviral defense.
CRISPR/Cas, the Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea
TL;DR: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) form peculiar genetic loci, which provide acquired immunity against viruses and plasmids by targeting nucleic acid in a sequence-specific manner.
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Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product.
TL;DR: Neither the isozyme-converting activity nor labeled Iap proteins were detected in the osmotic-shock fluid of cells carrying a multicopy iap plasmid, and the Iap protein seems to be associated with the membrane.
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Intervening Sequences of Regularly Spaced Prokaryotic Repeats Derive from Foreign Genetic Elements
TL;DR: It is shown that CRISPR spacers derive from preexisting sequences, either chromosomal or within transmissible genetic elements such as bacteriophages and conjugative plasmids, implying a relationship betweenCRISPR and immunity against targeted DNA.
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