Journal Article10.1038/NRMICRO2315
Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms.
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TL;DR: This Review highlights the most important antiviral mechanisms of bacteria as well as the counter-attacks used by phages to evade these systems.
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Abstract: Phages are now acknowledged as the most abundant microorganisms on the planet and are also possibly the most diversified. This diversity is mostly driven by their dynamic adaptation when facing selective pressure such as phage resistance mechanisms, which are widespread in bacterial hosts. When infecting bacterial cells, phages face a range of antiviral mechanisms, and they have evolved multiple tactics to avoid, circumvent or subvert these mechanisms in order to thrive in most environments. In this Review, we highlight the most important antiviral mechanisms of bacteria as well as the counter-attacks used by phages to evade these systems.
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Citations
CRISPR-Cas in mobile genetic elements: counter-defence and beyond.
Guilhem Faure,Guilhem Faure,Sergey Shmakov,Sergey Shmakov,Winston X. Yan,David R. Cheng,David Scott,Joseph E. Peters,Kira S. Makarova,Eugene V. Koonin +9 more
TL;DR: The range of CRISPR–Cas components carried by MGEs is investigated and substantially expanded, finding three groups of Tn7-like transposable elements encode ‘minimal’ type I CRISpr–Cas derivatives capable of target recognition but not cleavage, and another group encodes an inactivated type V variant.
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Movers and shakers: influence of bacteriophages in shaping the mammalian gut microbiota.
TL;DR: Evidence from the literature is assembles evidence which supports the role of phages as one of the biological drivers behind the composition of the gut microbiota, and the “community shuffling” model is proposed which hypothesizes that prophage induction contributes to intestinal dysbiosis by altering the ratio of symbionts to pathobionts, enabling pathOBiont niche reoccupation.
Die for the community: an overview of programmed cell death in bacteria.
TL;DR: There are many reasons leading to prokaryotic cell death, for the benefit of the colony, and single-celled organism can greatly benefit from multicellular organization.
Phage therapy as an alternative or complementary strategy to prevent and control biofilm-related infections.
TL;DR: The studies involving the use of phages for the treatment or prevention of bacterial biofilms are summarized, highlighting the biofilm features that can be tackled with phages or combined therapy approaches.
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Evolutionary Ecology of Prokaryotic Immune Mechanisms
TL;DR: The short- and long-term costs and benefits of the different resistance strategies and, hence, the ecological conditions that are likely to favor the different strategies alone and in combination are discussed.
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References
CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes
Rodolphe Barrangou,Christophe Fremaux,Hélène Deveau,Melissa Richards,Patrick Boyaval,Sylvain Moineau,Dennis A. Romero,Philippe Horvath +7 more
TL;DR: It is found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences, and CRISPR provided resistance against phages, and resistance specificity is determined by spacer-phage sequence similarity.
Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes
Stan J. J. Brouns,Matthijs M. Jore,Magnus Lundgren,Edze R. Westra,Rik J. H. Slijkhuis,Ambrosius P. Snijders,Mark J. Dickman,Kira S. Makarova,Eugene V. Koonin,John van der Oost +9 more
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the formation of mature guide RNAs by the CRISPR RNA endonuclease subunit of Cascade is a mechanistic requirement for antiviral defense.
CRISPR/Cas, the Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea
TL;DR: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) form peculiar genetic loci, which provide acquired immunity against viruses and plasmids by targeting nucleic acid in a sequence-specific manner.
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Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product.
TL;DR: Neither the isozyme-converting activity nor labeled Iap proteins were detected in the osmotic-shock fluid of cells carrying a multicopy iap plasmid, and the Iap protein seems to be associated with the membrane.
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Intervening Sequences of Regularly Spaced Prokaryotic Repeats Derive from Foreign Genetic Elements
TL;DR: It is shown that CRISPR spacers derive from preexisting sequences, either chromosomal or within transmissible genetic elements such as bacteriophages and conjugative plasmids, implying a relationship betweenCRISPR and immunity against targeted DNA.
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