Backgrounds to sensitive experiments underground

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the astrophysics and cosmological evidence for nonbaryonic dark matter (DM) and survey the underlying particle theories that provide some guidance about expected event rates, and the future prospects for the discovery of DM.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the astrophysics and cosmological evidence for nonbaryonic dark matter (DM) and survey the underlying particle theories that provide some guidance about expected event rates, and the future prospects for the discovery of DM.

TL;DR: In this article, the specific activity of 39Ar in natural argon was measured with a 2.3-l two-phase (liquid and gas) argon drift chamber at a depth of 3400m w.r.t.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the propagation of muons of energy above a TeV through rock and stress the importance of correctly accounting for the fluctuations of the energy loss in radiative processes.

TL;DR: This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics using data from previous editions, plus 2205 new measurements from 667 papers, and features expanded coverage of CP violation in B mesons and of neutrino oscillations.

Abstract: We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33.0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector. The data exhibit a zenith angle dependent deficit of muon neutrinos which is inconsistent with expectations based on calculations of the atmospheric neutrino flux. Experimental biases and uncertainties in the prediction of neutrino fluxes and cross sections are unable to explain our observation. The data are consistent, however, with two-flavor ${\ensuremath{ u}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{\ensuremath{ u}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ oscillations with ${sin}^{2}2\ensuremath{\theta}g0.82$ and $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}l\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2}l6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\mathrm{eV}{}^{2}$ at 90% confidence level.

TL;DR: Observations of neutral-current nu interactions on deuterium in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are reported, providing strong evidence for solar nu(e) flavor transformation.

TL;DR: In this article, a representation of the main characteristics of extragalactic nebulae and of the methods which served their exploration is given, in particular, the so-called redshift of ENE is discussed in detail.