Aveling, James Hobson (1828–1892)

Thalidomide in America: a brush with tragedy.

Obstetric anesthesia: the first ten years.

A flux of the reds: evolution of active management of the third stage of labour.

IN ENGLAND in the seventeenth century nearly all babies were delivered by midwives. These women were licensed not by civil authority but by the Church. The texts of licences granted to midwives in London beginning in 1661 include statements that the women were of good character and experienced in their profession. Often it was also stated that they belonged or conformed to the Church of England. Usually a licence carried the names of a half-dozen or more neighbours, friends, and clients who testified to the competence and 'good & honest life and Conversation' (behaviour) of the midwife. The document was submitted by the applicant to the surrogate representing the bishop or his chancellor. If all was in order, the official administered an oath of office to the midwife and the licence was granted.\" ,\" Obviously such a procedure provided less than adequate control of the practice of midwifery. The licence supplied only lay evaluation of professional competence. Since the parchment was supposed to be granted only to experienced midwives, beginners could not be licensed. Possession of a licence must have helped a midwife to attract clients, but it is likely that because of the expense and trouble involved many midwives never got around to seeking licensure. Not all of them would recognize the authority of the Church, and in any case the jurisdiction of an ecclesiastical court in regard to the midwife's licence was open to question. 33.3° ,3 ' Nevertheless, the licensure system clearly was useful. One might expect that from it there would have evolved, over the course of a few decades, a formal and enforceable requirement for the training, examination, and registration of midwives. The Royal College of Physicians of London had been founded in 1518; The Company of Barber-Surgeons, in 1540; The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, in 1617. Each of these bodies controlled the standards for the admission and the professional conduct of its members. It is therefore surprising to learn that the regulation of midwives did not become the law of the land until the Midwives Act was passed in 1902.\" A gestation period of more than two centuries deserves our examination. Licensure of midwives by the Church continued well into the Georgian period, although the practice must have been waning. There is on record a brief notice of a `licence from Henry Squire, Commissary of the Dean and Chapter of York, to Jane Palmer, of Pidsey, for practising the office of midwife, dated 1716, signed and sealed.'\" The text of another licence,\" translated from the Latin, reads:

/pdf/the-regulation-of-english-midwives-in-the-sixteenth-and-1q2dbw51id.pdf

The regulation of english midwives in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

STRlIlIft"BN, D. H. P., DOISY, R. J., GBRSTIDIN, M. M., and MARINOR, B. M. (1965>, "Reduced Glucose Tolerance In Elderly Human Subjects", Diabetes, 14: 579. TsUSKETT, I. D., and CONSTABLE, W. C. (1968), "Management of Carcinoma of the Corpus Uteri", Amer. J. Obstet. Gvnee., 101: 689. VANDBR, J. B. (1959), "The Association of Diabetes Mellltus and Carcinoma of the Endometrium", Amer. J. Obstet. Gvnee., 77: 243. WAY, S. (1954), "The lEtiology of Carcinoma of the Body of the Uterus", J. Obstet. Gvnme. Brit. Emp., 61: 46.

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Aveling, James Hobson (1828–1892)

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References

Thalidomide in America: a brush with tragedy.

Obstetric anesthesia: the first ten years.

A flux of the reds: evolution of active management of the third stage of labour.

The regulation of english midwives in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Sister joseph's nodule