1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "Artificial intelligence techniques point out differences in classification performance between light and standard bovine carcasses" ?
Goyache et al. this paper used two training sets consisting of 65 and 162 examples respectively of light and standard carcass classifications, including up to 28 different attributes describing carcass conformation.
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![Fig. 1. Each carcass was photographed in three positions: lateral (a), medial (b) and dorsal (c). An operator then manually marked 21 relevant points and five curve arcs. Single anatomical traits were easily calculated by means of distances between key points (i.e. belly depth=distance between I4 and I5 or carcass length=distance between I2 and I7 in picture b). To represent profile convexities, we consider the curve arc that borders the profile as a variable real function f. We can then compute the curvature at each point (x, y=f (x)) by means of Formula 1. We approximate the derivates using the values of f in the environment of each point of the profile. So we divide the arc by means of a sequence of points {xi} in [0,a] that divide the interval into a given number (the same in all cases) of equal length subintervals. Then f 0(xi) and f 00(xi), the first and second derivative, are approached using Formula 2 and Formula 3. Finally, to summarize the convexity of the whole arc in the interval [0,a], we compute the average of the curvature (xi) for all {xi}.](/figures/fig-1-each-carcass-was-photographed-in-three-positions-19mn8tmh.png)

