Appetitive but not aversive olfactory conditioning modifies antennal movements in honeybees.
TL;DR: The effects of both olfactory conditioning protocols on the movements of the antennae, which are crucial sensory organs for bees, were studied and it was observed that differential appetitive conditioning had a strong effect on antennal movements.
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Abstract: In honeybees, two olfactory conditioning protocols allow the study of appetitive and aversive Pavlovian associations. Appetitive conditioning of the proboscis extension response (PER) involves associating an odor, the conditioned stimulus (CS) with a sucrose solution, the unconditioned stimulus (US). Conversely, aversive conditioning of the sting extension response (SER) involves associating the odor CS with an electric or thermal shock US. Each protocol is based on the measure of a different behavioral response (proboscis versus sting) and both only provide binary responses (extension or not of the proboscis or sting). These limitations render the measure of the acquired valence of an odor CS difficult without testing the animals in a freely moving situation. Here, we studied the effects of both olfactory conditioning protocols on the movements of the antennae, which are crucial sensory organs for bees. As bees' antennae are highly mobile, we asked whether their movements in response to an odorant change following appetitive or aversive conditioning and if so, do odor-evoked antennal movements contain information about the acquired valence of the CS ? We implemented a tracking system for harnessed bees' antennal movements based on a motion capture principle at a high frequency rate. We observed that differential appetitive conditioning had a strong effect on antennal movements. Bees responded to the reinforced odorant with a marked forward motion of the antennae and a strong velocity increase. Conversely, differential aversive conditioning had no associative effect on antennal movements. Rather than revealing the acquired valence of an odorant, antennal movements may represent a novel conditioned response taking place during appetitive conditioning and may provide a possible advantage to bees when foraging in natural situations.
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Citations
Sickness Behavior in Honey Bees.
Nadia Kazlauskas,Nadia Kazlauskas,Martín Klappenbach,Martín Klappenbach,Amaicha Mara Depino,Amaicha Mara Depino,Fernando Locatelli,Fernando Locatelli +7 more
TL;DR: These results represent the first systematic description of sickness behavior in honey bees and provide important groundwork for the study of the interaction between the immune and the neural systems in an insect model.
Heat Perception and Aversive Learning in Honey Bees: Putative Involvement of the Thermal/Chemical Sensor AmHsTRPA
TL;DR: This study mapped thermal responsiveness on the honeybee body, by measuring workers' SER after applying heat on 41 different structures, and shows that bees can learn the CS-US association even when the heat US is applied on body structures that are not prominent sensory organs.
Multi-camera field monitoring reveals costs of learning for parasitoid foraging behaviour.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of persistent unreliable memory on the foraging behavior of Cotesia glomerata in the field has been evaluated, and the results demonstrate that persistent unreliable memories can lead to maladaptive foraging behaviour in C. glomersata under field conditions and increased the likelihood of oviposition in the non-host caterpillar Mamestra brassica.
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Novelty detection in early olfactory processing of the honey bee, Apis mellifera
TL;DR: The authors found that the neurons that exhibited stronger initial responses to the odour that was to be familiarized are the same units that later distinguish familiar and novel odors, independently of chemical identities.
Active Sensing in Bees Through Antennal Movements Is Independent of Odor Molecule
TL;DR: In this article , a detailed characterization of the multimodal antennal movement patterns as function of olfactory stimuli was performed with Deeplabcut, and the cone of air space thus sampled was identified through the 3D understanding of the motion patterns.
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References
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Mark L. Winston
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TL;DR: This book describes the life cycle of a honey bee, focusing on the courtship and mating activities of Worker Bees and their role in the evolution of monogamy.
Genotypic Influence on Aversive Conditioning in Honeybees, Using a Novel Thermal Reinforcement Procedure
TL;DR: A strong influence of genotype on aversive learning is demonstrated, possibly indicating the existence of a genetic determinism of this capacity and could be instrumental for efficient task partitioning within the hive.