Antibiotic efflux pumps.

TL;DR: Efflux pumps are transport proteins involved in the extrusion of toxic substrates from within cells into the external environment and in eukaryotic organisms.

TL;DR: The possibility of inhibiting elements comprising the intrinsic resistome in bacterial pathogens offers the promise for repurposing existing antibiotics against intrinsically resistant bacteria.

TL;DR: The state of the art for LAB stress behavior is presented, and the stress defense mechanisms that have been reported to date are concentrated on, grouping them according to their direct participation in preserving cell energy, defending macromolecules, and protecting the cell envelope.

TL;DR: It is formally established that CmeABC functions as a tripartite multidrug efflux pump that contributes to the intrinsic resistance of C. jejuni to a broad range of structurally unrelated antimicrobial agents.

TL;DR: The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is one of the two largest families of membrane transporters found on Earth as discussed by the authors, and all homologous MFS protein sequences in the public databases as of January 1997 were identified on the basis of sequence similarity.

TL;DR: Evidence is presented substantiating the proposal that an internal tandem gene duplication event gave rise to a primordial MFS protein before divergence of the family members.

TL;DR: This review summarizes the factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance on three levels: clinical factors that result in the inability to successfully treat refractory disease; cellular factors associated with a resistant fungal strain; and molecular factors that are ultimately responsible for the resistance phenotype in the cell.

TL;DR: Aminoglycosides are highly potent, broad-spectrum antibiotics with many desirable properties for the treatment of life-threatening infections and have a history marked by the successive introduction of a series of milestone compounds.