An updated view of hypothalamic–vascular–pituitary unit function and plasticity
Paul Le Tissier,Pauline Campos,Pauline Campos,Pauline Campos,Chrystel Lafont,Chrystel Lafont,Chrystel Lafont,Nicola Romanò,David J. Hodson,David J. Hodson,Patrice Mollard,Patrice Mollard,Patrice Mollard +12 more
TL;DR: The hypothalamus and pituitary can no longer be considered as having a simple stratified relationship: with the vasculature they form a tripartite system, which must function in concert for appropriate hypothalamic regulation of physiological processes, such as reproduction.
read more
Abstract: The discoveries of novel functional adaptations of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland for physiological regulation have transformed our understanding of their interaction. The activity of a small proportion of hypothalamic neurons can control complex hormonal signalling, which is disconnected from a simple stimulus and the subsequent hormone secretion relationship and is dependent on physiological status. The interrelationship of the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and pituitary cells with the vasculature has an important role in determining the pattern of neurohormone exposure. Cells in the pituitary gland form networks with distinct organizational motifs that are related to the duration and pattern of output, and modifications of these networks occur in different physiological states, can persist after cessation of demand and result in enhanced function. Consequently, the hypothalamus and pituitary can no longer be considered as having a simple stratified relationship: with the vasculature they form a tripartite system, which must function in concert for appropriate hypothalamic regulation of physiological processes, such as reproduction. An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying these regulatory features has implications for current and future therapies that correct defects in hypothalamic-pituitary axes. In addition, recapitulating proper network organization will be an important challenge for regenerative stem cell treatment.
read more
Chat with Paper
AI Agents for this Paper
Find similar papers on Google Scholar, PubMed and Arxiv
Write a critical review of this paper
Analyze citations of this paper to find unaddressed research gaps
Figures
Figure 4 – The GH axis – to include a graphical view of this axis and could include how 
Figure 5 – summary of our current understanding – based on your submitted figure 1, 
Figure 3 – The prolactin axis – could include a representation of the lactotrophs and their 
Figure 2 – The gondadotroph axis – to include the organisation of the GnRH/LH network 
Figure 1 – General introduction of the relationship between the 3rd ventricle, median
Citations
Definition of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator in mice.
Jenny Clarkson,Su Young Han,Richard Piet,Timothy McLennan,Grace Kane,Jamie Ng,Robert Porteous,Joon S. Kim,William H. Colledge,Karl J. Iremonger,Allan E. Herbison +10 more
TL;DR: It is reported here that a population of hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons represents the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator and these cells have the remarkable ability to generate synchronized GnRH secretion every 9 min to drive pulsatile gonadotropic hormone secretion in the blood.
347
Prolactin - a pleiotropic factor in health and disease.
TL;DR: This Review focuses on the newly discovered roles of prolactin in human health and disease, particularly its involvement in metabolic homeostasis including body weight control, adipose tissue, skin and hair follicles, pancreas, bone, the adrenal response to stress, the control of lactotroph cellHomeostasis and maternal behaviour.
221
The Versatile Tanycyte: A Hypothalamic Integrator of Reproduction and Energy Metabolism.
Vincent Prevot,Vincent Prevot,Bénédicte Dehouck,Bénédicte Dehouck,Ariane Sharif,Ariane Sharif,Philippe Ciofi,Philippe Ciofi,Paolo Giacobini,Paolo Giacobini,Jerome Clasadonte,Jerome Clasadonte +11 more
TL;DR: Recent advances in the understanding of tanycytic plasticity and function in the hypothalamus are examined and accumulating data suggest that, in keeping with their putative descent from radial glial cells, tanyCytes are endowed with neural stem cell properties and may respond to dietary or reproductive cues by modulating hypothalamic neurogenesis.
Hypothyroidism
TL;DR: The potential benefit of LT4/liothyronine combination therapy for thyroid-related symptom relief, patient satisfaction and long-term adverse effects is discussed in this paper , where the potential benefits of combination therapy is evaluated.
181
The special relationship: glia-neuron interactions in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus.
TL;DR: The data that implicate hypothalamic glia in the control of hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits, specifically neuron–glia interactions in the regulation of neurosecretion as well as neuronal excitability are discussed.
121
References
Variable patterns of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion during the estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surge in ovariectomized ewes.
TL;DR: The data show that variable patterns of GnRH secretion occur at the start of the LH surge and during the surge, suggesting that no single pattern can be identified as an initiation signal of the positive feedback event.
93
Pituitary Stem Cell Update and Potential Implications for Treating Hypopituitarism
TL;DR: A critical review of the field is offered and additional studies are suggested that could resolve points of debate and help clarify the relationships between cells expressing pituitary stem cells and progenitors.
Cell proliferation and vascularization in mouse models of pituitary hormone deficiency
TL;DR: The authors performed histological analysis of Pit1-and Prop1-deficient dwarf mouse pituitaries throughout fetal and postnatal development, and found that Pit1deficient mice first exhibit pituitary hypoplasia after birth, primarily caused by reduced cell proliferation, although there is some apoptosis.
Rhythmic Secretion of Prolactin in Rats: Action of Oxytocin Coordinated by Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Origin
TL;DR: It is proposed that in CS rats the regulatory mechanism(s) for PRL secretion comprise coordinated action of neuroendocrine dopaminergic and OT cells, both governed by the daily rhythm of VIP-ergic output from the SCN.
Prolactin regulation of kisspeptin neurones in the mouse brain and its role in the lactation-induced suppression of kisspeptin expression
TL;DR: Test the hypothesis that elevated prolactin causes suppression of kisspeptin expression in the hypothalamus, resulting in reduced release of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) and consequent infertility, and demonstrates that chronic prolact in administration suppressed serum LH, and reduced Kiss1 mRNA levels in both the RP3V and arcuate nucleus, consistent with the hypothesis.
89
Related Papers (5)
David J. Hodson,David J. Hodson,Marie Schaeffer,Nicola Romanò,Nicola Romanò,Pierre Fontanaud,Pierre Fontanaud,Chrystel Lafont,Chrystel Lafont,Jerome Birkenstock,Jerome Birkenstock,François Molino,François Molino,Helen C. Christian,Joseph Lockey,Danielle Carmignac,M. Fernandez-Fuente,Paul Le Tissier,Patrice Mollard,Patrice Mollard +19 more