What is the way to extract the signature of a stegoprogram?

Since extraction requires no execution of the stegoprograms at all, it is possible to extract the signature of the stegoprogram if only part of it is available but not executable (provided obviously that the available part of this stegoprogram contains the stegosignature).

What is the stegomark approach to software watermarking?

(Following the conventions of denotational semantics for the application, syntactic arguments are between double square brackets J...K while semantic/mathematical arguments are between round brackers (...).)The stegomark approach to software watermarking first consists in defining a stegomarker Mr ∈ S 7→

What is the way to obfuscate built-in datatypes?

Built-in Datatype Obfuscation and Counter-Attack: Obfuscating built-in datatypes (such as integers and strings) by variable splitting and merging.

What is the abstract collection semantics of each method?

The considered concrete collecting semantics RJPK of each method P is the set of descendants of the initial states of the method P with an initial environment λX · .VJPK where all variables are undefined.•

How can the public be confident in the proposed abstract software watermarking method?

In order for the public to be confident in the robustness of the proposed abstract software watermarking method, it is necessary to publish the watermarking method, including the specific abstraction α and abstract stegosignature extractor E which are used.

How can the public be confident in the proposed abstract software watermarking method?

In order for the public to be confident in the robustness of the proposed abstract software watermarking method, it is necessary to publish the watermarking method, including the specific abstraction α and abstract stegosignature extractor E which are used.

Open AccessProceedings Article10.1145/964001.964016

An abstract interpretation-based framework for software watermarking

Patrick Cousot, +1 more

- 01 Jan 2004

- Vol. 39, Iss: 1, pp 173-185

130

TL;DR: This work introduces the novel concept of abstract software watermarking, a static analysis-based approach that allows the watermark to be recovered even if only a small part of the program code is present and does not even need that code to be executed.

Abstract: Software watermarking consists in the intentional embedding of indelible stegosignatures or watermarks into the subject software and extraction of the stegosignatures embedded in the stegoprograms for purposes such as intellectual property protection. We introduce the novel concept of abstract software watermarking. The basic idea is that the watermark is hidden in the program code in such a way that it can only be extracted by an abstract interpretation of the (maybe non-standard) concrete semantics of this code. This static analysis-based approach allows the watermark to be recovered even if only a small part of the program code is present and does not even need that code to be executed. We illustrate the technique by a simple abstract watermarking protocol for methods of Java™ classes. The concept applies equally well to any other kind of software (including hardware originally specified by software).

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Most frequently asked questions

1. What are the contributions in "An abstract interpretation-based framework for software watermarking" ?

The authors introduce the novel concept of abstract software watermarking.

2. What can be done to hide the origin of JavaTM classes?

Obfuscators and code transformers can be used to make reverse engineering more difficult [6] but also to hide the origin of JavaTM classes.

3. What is the purpose of a tamper-proofing method?

A simple tamper-proofing method to avoid automatic subtractive attacks consists in creating dependencies between the subject program and the inserted code.

4. What is the key idea of abstract software watermarking?

The key idea is that the stegosignature extraction is neither static (it is based on the semantics of the program not on its syntax), nor dynamic (program execution does not reveal the stegosignature) but abstract (the stegosignature is revealed by abstract interpretation of a (may be non-standard) state or trace-based collecting semantics of the program).

Citations

•Proceedings Article•10.1145/2259051.2259056

Dexpler: Converting Android Dalvik Bytecode to Jimple for Static Analysis with Soot

Alexandre Bartel, +3 more

- 16 May 2012

- arXiv: Software Engineering

TL;DR: Dexpler as discussed by the authors is a software package which converts Dalvik bytecode to Jimple, which is built on top of Dedexer and Soot, and can be used for point-to or flow analysis.

...read moreread less

198

•Journal Article•10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988160

KeySplitWatermark: Zero Watermarking Algorithm for Software Protection Against Cyber-Attacks

Celestine Iwendi, +6 more

- 15 Apr 2020

- IEEE Access

TL;DR: This paper proposes a novel blind Zero code based Watermark detection approach named KeySplitWatermark, for the protection of software against cyber-attacks, and shows that the proposed approach reports promising results against Cyber-attacks that are powerful and viable.

...read moreread less

147

Journal Issue•10.1002/SPE.V37:6

An empirical study of Java bytecode programs

Christian Collberg, +2 more

- 01 May 2007

- Software - Practice and Experience

TL;DR: A study of the static structure of real Java bytecode programs, which will be valuable in the design of future programming languages and virtual machine instruction sets, as well as in the efficient implementation of compilers and other language processors.

...read moreread less

•Journal Article

A survey of software watermarking

William Zhu, +2 more

- 01 Jan 2005

- Lecture Notes in Computer Science

TL;DR: Software watermarking as discussed by the authors protects software through embedding some secret information into software as an identifier of the ownership of copyright for this software, which is a type of digital objects.

...read moreread less

Journal Article•10.1016/J.IPM.2021.102518

A blockchain-based code copyright management system

Nan Jing, +2 more

- 01 May 2021

- Information Processing and Management

TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a blockchain-based code copyright management system which provides better response speed and storage efficiency than the traditional code originality verification model based on Syntax Tree.

...read moreread less

...

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References

Proceedings Article•10.1145/567752.567778

Systematic design of program analysis frameworks

Patrick Cousot, +1 more

- 01 Jan 1979

TL;DR: The systematic and correct design of program analysis frameworks with respect to a formal semantics is devoted to the main elements of the lattice theoretic approach to approximate semantic analysis of programs.

...read moreread less

1.8K

•Book Chapter•10.1007/3-540-44647-8_1

On the (Im)possibility of Obfuscating Programs

Boaz Barak, +6 more

- 19 Aug 2001

TL;DR: It is proved that obfuscation is impossible, by constructing a family of functions F that are inherently unobfuscatable in the following sense: there is a property π : F → {0, 1} such that given any program that computes a function f ∈ F, the value π(f) can be efficiently computed.

...read moreread less

1.6K

•Journal Article•10.1145/2160158.2160159

On the (im)possibility of obfuscating programs

Boaz Barak, +6 more

- 03 May 2012

- Journal of the ACM

TL;DR: It is proved that obfuscation is impossible, by constructing a family of efficient programs that are unobfuscatable, in the sense that given any efficient program, the “source code” of that program can be efficiently reconstructed.

...read moreread less

1.1K

•Proceedings Article•10.1145/268946.268962

Manufacturing cheap, resilient, and stealthy opaque constructs

Christian Collberg, +2 more

- 21 Jan 1998

TL;DR: The design of a Java code obfuscator is described, a tool which - through the application of code transformations - converts a Java program into an equivalent one that is more difficult to reverse engineer.

...read moreread less

631

Proceedings Article•10.1145/237721.237724

Is it a tree, a DAG, or a cyclic graph? A shape analysis for heap-directed pointers in C

Rakesh Ghiya, +1 more

- 01 Jan 1996

TL;DR: In this paper, a shape analysis for heap-allocated data structures is proposed to aid in the disambiguation of heap allocated data structures by estimating the shape (Tree, DAG, or Cyclic Graph) of the data structure accessible from each heap-directed pointer.

...read moreread less

319

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An abstract interpretation-based framework for software watermarking

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AI Agents for this Paper

Most frequently asked questions

1. What are the contributions in "An abstract interpretation-based framework for software watermarking" ?

2. What can be done to hide the origin of JavaTM classes?

3. What is the purpose of a tamper-proofing method?

4. What is the key idea of abstract software watermarking?

5. What is the way to extract the signature of a stegoprogram?

6. What is the stegomark approach to software watermarking?

7. What is the way to obfuscate built-in datatypes?

8. What is the abstract collection semantics of each method?

9. How can the public be confident in the proposed abstract software watermarking method?

10. How can the public be confident in the proposed abstract software watermarking method?

Citations

Dexpler: Converting Android Dalvik Bytecode to Jimple for Static Analysis with Soot

KeySplitWatermark: Zero Watermarking Algorithm for Software Protection Against Cyber-Attacks

An empirical study of Java bytecode programs

A survey of software watermarking

A blockchain-based code copyright management system

References

Systematic design of program analysis frameworks

On the (Im)possibility of Obfuscating Programs

On the (im)possibility of obfuscating programs

Manufacturing cheap, resilient, and stealthy opaque constructs

Is it a tree, a DAG, or a cyclic graph? A shape analysis for heap-directed pointers in C

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