Advances in 4D printing of liquid crystalline elastomers: materials, techniques, and applications.
Zhecun Guan,Ling Wang,Jinhye Bae +2 more
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TL;DR: A review of recent advances in 4D printing of liquid crystalline elastomers can be found in this paper , where the authors elucidate the relationships among external stimuli, tailorable morphologies in mesophases of liquid crystals, and programmable topological configurations of printed parts.
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Abstract: Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are polymer networks exhibiting anisotropic liquid crystallinity while maintaining elastomeric properties. Owing to diverse polymeric forms and self-alignment molecular behaviors, LCEs have fascinated state-of-the-art efforts in various disciplines other than the traditional low-molar-mass display market. By patterning order to structures, LCEs demonstrate reversible high-speed and large-scale actuations in response to external stimuli, allowing for close integration with 4D printing and architectures of digital devices, which is scarcely observed in homogeneous soft polymer networks. In this review, we collect recent advances in 4D printing of LCEs, with emphases on synthesis and processing methods that enable microscopic changes in the molecular orientation and hence macroscopic changes in the properties of end-use objects. Promising potentials of printed complexes include fields of soft robotics, optics, and biomedical devices. Within this scope, we elucidate the relationships among external stimuli, tailorable morphologies in mesophases of liquid crystals, and programmable topological configurations of printed parts. Lastly, perspectives and potential challenges facing 4D printing of LCEs are discussed.
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4D printing of shape memory polymer composites: A review on fabrication techniques, applications, and future perspectives
TL;DR: In this article , a review article presents important 4D technologies in conjunction with the underlying functionalities of stimuli-responsive polymer composites, and elucidates the future opportunities of 4D-printed SMPCs in terms of preprogramming knowledge, multi-way SMPC, multimaterial printing, sustainability, and potential applications.
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3D‐Printed Photoresponsive Liquid Crystal Elastomer Composites for Free‐Form Actuation
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Deep Learning in Mechanical Metamaterials: From Prediction and Generation to Inverse Design.
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Recent Advances in 4D Printing of Liquid Crystal Elastomers
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art advances in 4D printing of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are reviewed in this article , with emphasis on both the mechanisms and potential applications.
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