Book Chapter10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_7
Adipose Tissue Function and Expandability as Determinants of Lipotoxicity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Stefania Carobbio,Stefania Carobbio,Vanessa Pellegrinelli,Antonio Vidal-Puig,Antonio Vidal-Puig +4 more
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TL;DR: The characteristics of the different adipose tissue depots with respect to origins and precursors recruitment, plasticity, cellular composition and expandability capacity as well as molecular and metabolic signatures in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions are discussed.
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Abstract: The adipose tissue organ is organised as distinct anatomical depots located all along the body axis and it is constituted of three different types of adipocytes : white, beige and brown which are integrated with vascular, immune, neural and extracellular stroma cells. These distinct adipocytes serve different specialised functions. The main function of white adipocytes is to ensure healthy storage of excess nutrients/energy and its rapid mobilisation to supply the demand of energy imposed by physiological cues in other organs, whereas brown and beige adipocytes are designed for heat production through uncoupling lipid oxidation from energy production. The concert action of the three type of adipocytes/tissues has been reported to ensure an optimal metabolic status in rodents. However, when one or multiple of these adipose depots become dysfunctional as a consequence of sustained lipid/nutrient overload, then insulin resistance and associated metabolic complications ensue. These metabolic alterations negatively affects the adipose tissue functionality and compromises global metabolic homeostasis. Optimising white adipose tissue expandability and its functional metabolic flexibility and/or promoting brown/beige mediated thermogenic activity counteracts obesity and its associated lipotoxic metabolic effects. The development of these therapeutic approaches requires a deep understanding of adipose tissue in all broad aspects. In this chapter we will discuss the characteristics of the different adipose tissue depots with respect to origins and precursors recruitment, plasticity, cellular composition and expandability capacity as well as molecular and metabolic signatures in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Citations
Identification of a mesenchymal progenitor cell hierarchy in adipose tissue
David Merrick,Alexander P. Sakers,Zhazira Irgebay,Chihiro Okada,Catherine Calvert,Michael Morley,Ivona Percec,Patrick Seale +7 more
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The aetiology and molecular landscape of insulin resistance.
TL;DR: A review of the causes of insulin resistance can be found in this article, which suggests that insulin resistance is a heterogeneous disorder that may variably arise in a range of metabolic tissues and that the mechanism for this effect likely involves a unified insulin resistance pathway that affects a distal step in the insulin action pathway.
399
Inflammation of brown/beige adipose tissues in obesity and metabolic disease
TL;DR: The targeting of brown and beige adipose tissues by pro‐inflammatory signals and the subsequent impairment of their thermogenic and metabolite draining activities appears to represent obesity‐driven disturbances that contribute to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular alterations in obesity.
247
Emerging Functions of Regulatory T Cells in Tissue Homeostasis.
Amit Sharma,Dipayan Rudra +1 more
TL;DR: This review discusses the recent advances in the field of Treg biology in general, and non-lymphoid and tissue-resident Tregs in particular, and elaborate upon well-known visceral adipose tissue, colon, skin, and tumor-infiltrating T Regs and newly identified tissue Treg populations.
SUCNR1 controls an anti-inflammatory program in macrophages to regulate the metabolic response to obesity
Noelia Keiran,Victoria Ceperuelo-Mallafré,Enrique Calvo,María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez,Miriam Ejarque,Catalina Núñez-Roa,Daniel Horrillo,Elsa Maymó-Masip,M. Mar Rodríguez,Rosa Fradera,Juan Vladimir de la Rosa,Juan Vladimir de la Rosa,Rosa Jorba,Ana Megia,Antonio Zorzano,Antonio Zorzano,Gema Medina-Gómez,Carolina Serena,Antonio Castrillo,Antonio Castrillo,Joan Vendrell,Sonia Fernández-Veledo +21 more
TL;DR: It is found that activation of SUCNR1 had a critical role in the anti-inflammatory responses in macrophages, and a role to succinate in limiting inflammation is assigned.
References
Characterization of the adipocyte cellular lineage in vivo
Ryan Berry,Matthew S. Rodeheffer +1 more
TL;DR: A model where the CD24+ adipocyte progenitors become further committed to the adipocyte lineage as CD24 expression is lost, generating CD24− preadipocytes is proposed.
BMP8B Increases Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis through Both Central and Peripheral Actions
Andrew J. Whittle,Stefania Carobbio,Luís Martins,Marc Slawik,Marc Slawik,Elayne Hondares,María Jesús Vázquez,Donald A. Morgan,Robert I. Csikasz,Rosalía Gallego,Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca,Martin Dale,Samuel Virtue,Francesc Villarroya,Barbara Cannon,Barbara Cannon,Kamal Rahmouni,Miguel López,Antonio Vidal-Puig +18 more
TL;DR: The results indicate that BMP8B is a thermogenic protein that regulates energy balance in partnership with hypothalamic AMPK, and may offer a mechanism to specifically increase energy dissipation by BAT.
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A review of the microcirculation of adipose tissue: anatomic, metabolic, and angiogenic perspectives.
TL;DR: An in‐depth analysis of the development of adipose tissue microvasculature indicates that angiogenesis often precedes adipogenesis, and the recent discovery of sites of nuclear regulation of adipocyte differentiation is an indication of the progress that is being made in the further understanding of molecular and cellular events that affect adipOSE tissue growth and, ultimately, adipose tissues microcirculation.
515
Role of the extracellular matrix in morphogenesis.
TL;DR: The extracellular matrix is a complex, dynamic and critical component of all tissues that functions as a scaffold for tissue morphogenesis, provides cues for cell proliferation and differentiation, promotes the maintenance of differentiated tissues and enhances the repair response after injury.
508
Visceral and subcutaneous fat have different origins and evidence supports a mesothelial source
You-Ying Chau,Roberto Bandiera,Alan Serrels,Ofelia M. Martínez-Estrada,Wei Qing,Martin Lee,Joan Slight,Anna Thornburn,Rachel L. Berry,Sophie L. McHaffie,Roland H Stimson,Brian R. Walker,Ramón Muñoz Chápuli,Andreas Schedl,Nicholas D. Hastie +14 more
TL;DR: It is shown that all visceral fat depots have a mesothelial layer like the visceral organs with which they are associated, and several lines of evidence that Wt1-expressing mesothelium can produce adipocytes are provided.