Journal Article10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00014-7
Accountability In Practice: Mechanisms for NGOs
TL;DR: In this article, five broad accountability mechanisms are reviewed: reports and disclosure statements, performance assessments and evaluations, participation, self-regulation, and social audits, and it is observed that accountability in practice has emphasized "upward" and "external" accountability to donors while ''downward'' and ''internal'' mechanisms remain comparatively underdeveloped.
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About: This article is published in World Development. The article was published on 01 May 2003. The article focuses on the topics: Accountability & Audit.
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TL;DR: The Stakeholder Approach: 1. Managing in turbulent times 2. The stakeholder concept and strategic management 3. Strategic Management Processes: 4. Setting strategic direction 5. Formulating strategies for stakeholders 6. Implementing and monitoring stakeholder strategies 7. Conflict at the board level 8. The functional disciplines of management 9. The role of the executive as mentioned in this paper.
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TL;DR: The External Control of Organizations as discussed by the authors explores how external constraints affect organizations and provides insights for designing and managing organizations to mitigate these constraints, and it is the fact of the organization's dependence on the environment that makes the external constraint and control of organizational behavior both possible and almost inevitable.
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Exit, voice, and loyalty : responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states
TL;DR: Zimbardo et al. as discussed by the authors studied the effects of severity of initiation and high penalties for exiting from public goods (and evils) on consumer reactions to price rise and quality decline in the case of several connoisseur goods.
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