Journal Article10.1515/REVEH.2008.23.4.243
A systematic review of the relation between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases.
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TL;DR: Suggestive evidence was found that exposure to PM2.5 is positively associated with mortality from coronary heart diseases and exposure to SO2 increases mortality from lung cancer and for the other pollutants and health outcomes, the data were insufficient to make solid conclusions.
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Abstract: We conducted a systematic review of all studies published between 1950 and 2007 of associations between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and the risks in adults of nonaccidental mortality and the incidence and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. We searched bibliographic databases for cohort and case-control studies, abstracted characteristics of their design and conduct, and synthesized the quantitative findings in tabular and graphic form. We assessed heterogeneity, estimated pooled effects for specific pollutants, and conducted sensitivity analyses according to selected characteristics of the studies. Our analysis showed that long-term exposure to PM2.5 increases the risk of nonaccidental mortality by 6% per a 10 microg/m3 increase, independent of age, gender, and geographic region. Exposure to PM2.5 was also associated with an increased risk of mortality from lung cancer (range: 15% to 21% per a 10 microg/m3 increase) and total cardiovascular mortality (range: 12% to 14% per a 10 microg/m3 increase). In addition, living close to busy traffic appears to be associated with elevated risks of these three outcomes. Suggestive evidence was found that exposure to PM2.5 is positively associated with mortality from coronary heart diseases and exposure to SO2 increases mortality from lung cancer. For the other pollutants and health outcomes, the data were insufficient data to make solid conclusions.
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Citations
Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015
Aaron Cohen,Michael Brauer,Richard T. Burnett,H. Ross Anderson,Joseph Frostad,Kara Estep,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Bert Brunekreef,Lalit Dandona,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Valery L. Feigin,Greg Freedman,Bryan Hubbell,Amelia Jobling,Haidong Kan,Luke D. Knibbs,Yang Liu,Randall V. Martin,Lidia Morawska,C. Arden Pope,Hwashin Shin,Kurt Straif,Gavin Shaddick,Matthew L. Thomas,Rita Van Dingenen,Aaron van Donkelaar,Theo Vos,Christopher J L Murray,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar +29 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored spatial and temporal trends in mortality and burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution from 1990 to 2015 at global, regional, and country levels, and estimated the relative risk of mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and lower respiratory infections from epidemiological studies using nonlinear exposure-response functions spanning the global range of exposure.
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The Mechanism(s) of Neighbourhood Effects: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications
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TL;DR: In this article, a list of 15 potential causal pathways which may lead to neighbourhood effects is given, grouped into four categories: social-interactive mechanisms, environmental mechanisms, geographical mechanisms, and institutional mechanisms.
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Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution.
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Matthew R. Bonner,Daikwon Han,Jing Nie,Peter A. Rogerson,John E. Vena,Paola Muti,Maurizio Trevisan,Stephen B. Edge,Jo L. Freudenheim +8 more
TL;DR: Exposure in early life to high levels of PAHs may increase the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer; however, other confounders related to geography cannot be ruled out.