A simple approximation for evaluating external validity bias

TL;DR: Some of the work on directed acyclic graphs, including the recent "The Book of Why," by Pearl and MacKenzie, and the potential outcome framework developed by Rubin and coauthors are reviewed.

TL;DR: In this article, the long-term impacts of programs on labor market outcomes can be predicted accurately by combining their short-term treatment effects into a surrogate index, which is the predicted value of the longterm outcome given the shortterm outcomes.

TL;DR: The potential outcome framework developed by Rubin and coauthors, building on work by Neyman is discussed, and the relative merits of these approaches for empirical work in economics are discussed.

TL;DR: Recent advances in this literature that have the potential to contribute to econometric methodology along three dimensions provide a unified and comprehensive framework for causal inference, in which the aforementioned problems can be addressed in full generality.

TL;DR: The authors discusses the central role of propensity scores and balancing scores in the analysis of observational studies and shows that adjustment for the scalar propensity score is sufficient to remove bias due to all observed covariates.

TL;DR: In this paper, two sampling schemes are discussed in connection with the problem of determining optimum selection probabilities according to the information available in a supplementary variable, which is a general technique for the treatment of samples drawn without replacement from finite universes when unequal selection probabilities are used.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated conditions sufficient for identification of average treatment effects using instrumental variables and showed that the existence of valid instruments is not sufficient to identify any meaningful average treatment effect.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed estimation methods that use the amount of selection on the observables in a model as a guide to the amount that should be selected on the unobservables in order to identify the effect of the endogenous variable.