There are many terms that are used in association with the U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) Transparency Project associated with the Mayak Fissile Materials Storage Facility. This is a collection of proposed definitions of these terms.

Verification technologies based upon electromagnetics and acoustics could potentially play an important role in fulfilling the challenging requirements of future verification regimes. For example, researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) have demonstrated that low frequency EM signatures of sealed metallic containers can be used to rapidly confirm the presence of specific components on a “yes/no” basis without revealing classified information. PNNL researchers have also used ultrasonic measurements to obtain images of material microstructures which may be used as templates or unique identifiers of treaty accountable items (TAIs). Such alternative technologies are suitable for application in various stages of weapons dismantlement and often reduce or eliminate classified data collection because of the physical limitations of the method. In such cases the need for an information barrier to prevent access to classified data is potentially eliminated, thus simplifying verification scena...

/pdf/supporting-technology-for-chain-of-custody-of-nuclear-1bwb5tma9o.pdf

Supporting Technology for Chain of Custody of Nuclear Weapons and Materials Throughout the Dismantlement and Disposition Processes

/pdf/a-dictionary-for-transparency-23uud5syuu.pdf

A Dictionary for Transparency

Applications Specialist for an instrument is the most knowledgeable person about that particular instrument available for consulting with monitors. Normally he/she will have been the task officer for the development or authentication of the equipment. Attestation is the final step of information security certification (see). An attribute-based measurement system contains some physics-based analysis to extract pre-agreed parameter values from the measurement data and generally uses statistical analysis for error propagation and result evaluation. AT-400R (Atomic Transport 400 Russian) is a multi-layer stainless-steel container designed to hold fissile material at the FMSF.

There are many terms that are used in association with the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) Transparency Project.

There is a Materials Protection Control and Accounting Glossary with Russian translations (PNNL-11762) with a small overlap of information with this document.

It includes onsite authentication software as well as operational software used in the measurement instrument.

Anonymous Purchase is a process whereby the true purchaser and the intended purpose are hidden from the supplier as a means of obtaining a trustworthy and uncorrupted component.

Each AAL represents a band of confidence obtained by requiring passage of selected documentation completeness levels and authentication measures.

Introduction

Baseline observations could be obtained from items either independently procured or obtained by random selection for extensive private examination.

Installed software is compared to previously examined code.

Basket is a metal frame that holds one AT-400R Fissile Material Container.

Buyer is the collection of government and private organizations representing the United States.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is that portion of a digital computer, data-processing system, or device controller that executes the instructions contained in its program.

Certification (1) is the process by which a Host Party assures itself that an inspection system (which may be integrated with an information barrier) will not divulge any classified information about an inspected sensitive item to a Monitoring Party.

Information security certification falls under the authority of the Russian State Technical Commission .

There are two major classes of challenge measurements:  Type I: Measurements with known SNM sources that are designed to produce failure of a particular attribute.

Closed Mode (or secure mode) is the mode of operation of a measurement system in which both non-sensitive and sensitive items PNNL-13723 may be measured.

Foreign government documents either retain their original markings (confidential, secret, top secret) or are otherwise marked C/FGI-MOD.

C/FGI-MOD documents shall only be shared with persons with a demonstrable need to know.

C/FGI-MOD is Confidential Foreign Government Information Modified Handling

A concept proposed by PNNL analogous to the Authentication Assurance Levels (see), CoKALs can be defined that measures the level of CoK for a specific item.

Each increasing CoKAL assumes the previous level of CoKAL coverage.

Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program of the U.S. Department of Defense is designed to help the countries of the former Soviet Union destroy nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons of mass destruction and associated infrastructure, and to protect against the proliferation of those weapons.

Continuity of Knowledge Assurance Level (CoKAL):

Declaration means a formal document giving explicit details in compliance with an agreement.

In the case of the FMSF, the Russian Federation will provide to the US Monitors a declaration about the identities and contents of containers stored in the massif.

Defect means a difference between the declared amount of nuclear or non-nuclear material and the actual amount present.

(IAEA definition) Defect means a condition of an item that does not meet the expected characteristics.

Department of Energy (DOE) is the agency responsible for fostering a secure and reliable energy system, for stewardship of the Nation's nuclear weapons, for facility cleanup, and for supporting continued leadership in science and technology.

Design Verification-The demonstration of consistency, completeness, and correctness of the hardware design based on requirements.

Functional testing of radiation monitoring equipment includes, but is not limited to, testing with a set of physical and/or electronic sources.

Integration is the process of combining sub-systems of detectors, hardware, and software into operational systems with all the documentation, functional testing, and procedures necessary for the regime.

Public/Private Key refers to a class of cryptographic functions that use different keys for different operations.

At a minimum, Russian-supply means that the Russian Party has last private access to all the equipment to perform certification.

PNNL-13723

A technology using an induction coil around an item and low frequency electromagnetic waves (about 10 Hz -1000 Hz) to measure the complex impedance response of the item.

HEU is material with greater than 20% 235 U. Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) is a package consisting of assurance components from document ISO/IEC 15408-3 that represents a point on the common criteria assurance scale that must be met to attain a given level of security assurance.

EM-coil:

Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) is performed at the fabrication and integration facility prior to shipment of equipment to the facility.

Facility Monitoring System (FMS) is a system of control and containment for providing U.S. CoK in the FMSF.

A specific FMS system implementation consisting of video, portal and area radiation monitors, and TIDs for the FMSF was specified by LANL.

False Negative is a measured negative result for an item that actually has the declared attribute.

Fissile Material Container (FMC) is an AT-400R container holding fissile material in the FMSF.

Gamma Ray Detector is a device for measuring gamma radiation.

It is used for comparison purposes during inspections to ensure that items have not been modified.

Hash functions can be used in data PNNL-13723 authentication and software integrity verification protocols.

A flaw that allows the equipment to pass calibration and testing activities conducted by the monitoring party and then change to a mode that allows prohibited items to be accepted as allowable.

Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) is uranium containing more than 20% of the isotope uranium-235.

High-Resolution Gamma Spectrometry (HRGS) distinguishes between gamma rays of very similar energies.

Under Host-supply, the Host may obtain portions of the hardware and/or software from vendors associated with the Monitoring Party.

H Hash Function:

Information Barrier (IB) consists of technology and procedures that prevent the release of Host-Country classified information to a Monitoring Party during a joint inspection of a sensitive item, while promoting assurance of an accurate assessment of Host Country declarations regarding the item.

Insert is the assembly that fits inside an AT-400R container and holds the two spheres of plutonium or HEU.

Integrated Control System (ICS) is the system that controls and monitors the the infrastructure, MPC&A, and security systems at the FMSF.

Is the specific monitoring system to be used in the FMSF absolute control room to measure agreed attributes of stored material selected by the sampling plan during monitor visits.

The ISMS is specified by the US, and designed, integrated, installed and operated by the RF under direction of US Monitors.

Inventory Sampling Measurement System (ISMS)

Joint Executive Committee (JEC) is a U.S.-R.F. group that manages the implementation of the monitoring regime at FMSF Mayak.

Joint Experts Visit (JEV) is an initial monitoring visit at FMSF Mayak by technical experts from both the US and the RF.

Low Intrusion Technology is a term used to describe monitoring technologies that inherently do not reveal detailed or possibly classified information about an item.

Examples of low intrusion technology include the EM-coil, thermal imaging, and ultrasonic imaging.

Nest is one of the 3168 tubes in the massif at FMSF that will hold plutonium and/or HEU.

The term silo is also used by the RF for this structure.

Nest Cover is the lid that covers and seals a nest in the massif.

Neutron Multiplicity Counter (NMC) is an instrument that determines the frequencies with which different numbers of neutrons (2, 3, 4, etc.) are emitted simultaneously by a source.

Plutonium-240, present in weapons-grade plutonium, fissions spontaneously emitting a few neutrons with every fission.

Official Use Only (OUO) is a designation of sensitive unclassified information that may be exempt from release under the Freedom of Information Act. OUO must meet the "two test" criteria.

Access must be restricted to government and/or contractor staff with a valid need to know.

FOUO (see) has government statute backing, unlike OUO.

Open Mode is one of two operating modes proposed for some measurement systems.

The goal of such measurements is to provide assurance that the systems operate accurately.

Passport System is a template measurement system that characterizes an item in the FMSF through a measurement of gamma and neutron radiation.

The passport system generates a passport for an item that enters the FMSF.

Photographic Comparison is the acquisition and analysis of archival images for applications related to knowledge of an item or component, relying on intrinsic features of the item.

Physical Protection is the application of physical, technical, and administrative methods designed to: protect personnel; prevent or detect unauthorized access to facilities, material, and documents; protect material against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft; and respond to any such acts as they occur.

Plenum is the area underneath the nests in the massif of the FMSF that is used for air handling for cooling of the stored material.

Random Access Memory (RAM) is computer memory whose individual storage locations, or addresses, may be written to or read from with nearly equal ease at almost any time.

This is distinct from storage on tape, a disk, or some other media, where mechanical motion makes only certain addresses available at a given time.

Random Selection refers to the process by which the Monitoring Party selects among a group of duplicate Host-supplied components that have been fully tested and certified for (1) installation into inspection equipment and (2) private examination.

Reloader is the device used in the massif of the FMSF to move shrouds containing items between the hatch in the assembly room and the nests.

Remote Monitoring System is an unattended monitoring system that electronically communicates monitoring data to monitors at another site.

Safeguard is any technique or procedure or other measure that reduces Vulnerability.

Secure Mode (or closed mode) is the mode where both non-sensitive and sensitive items may be measured.

Secure Storage is a requirement imposed on the FMSF to provide safe and secure storage of items of plutonium and/or HEU.

Software Design Verification is the demonstration of consistency, completeness, and correctness of software based on requirements.

Also referred to as "private key" cryptography.

Tamper-Indicating Device (TID) is a device or seal that provides permanent evidence of any attempt to gain access to the sealed item.

Each TID must be uniquely identifiable to preclude replacement with a counterfeit duplicate.

The PNNL-13723 enclosure can either be self-sealing or sealed with an external Tamper-Indicating Device. (see Verification) Transparency Regime refers to a regime where there is a desire to perform some specified action in an open manner so that all parties gain confidence that the specified action has occurred.

A monitoring system designed to take data on the operation of the facility being monitored while the representative of the monitoring party are not present.

Zero Defect Sampling is used in the context of the sampling plan to mean that if containers are sampled, and if no defects are found in the sample set (i.e. zero defects), then a statistical conclusion can be drawn as to the probability of defects existing in the total population.

Thus, obtaining a sample of 300 containers out of a population of 12,000 containers, and finding zero defects, provides a 95% confidence level that fewer than 1% defects exist in the population.

X Y Z

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

A Dictionary for Transparency

Chat with Paper

AI Agents for this Paper

Citations

Supporting Technology for Chain of Custody of Nuclear Weapons and Materials Throughout the Dismantlement and Disposition Processes

Related Papers (1)

Thorium Fuel Cycle Activities in IAEA