A conservative split‐explicit integration scheme with fourth‐order horizontal advection

TL;DR: This paper used a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model to simulate past and future climate since the beginning of the near-global instrumental surface-temperature record and include the effects of the scattering of radiation by sulphate aerosols.

TL;DR: In this article, a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (OAGCM) was developed for studies of climate change and results from a hindcast experiment were presented.

TL;DR: Overall, taking a unified approach has given enormous benefits, both scientific and in terms of efficiency, but some of the challenges it has presented and the approaches taken to overcome them are detailed.

TL;DR: The development of CPMs has revealed that the lack of predictability of the smallest scales involving convection means that ensemble techniques are required to represent forecast uncertainty, resulting in a new capability to provide objective forecast probabilities of local precipitation.

TL;DR: An economical explicit integration scheme for numerical weather prediction models is described in this article, in which the horizontal advection terms in the governing equations are integrated with a timestep limited by the wind speed, whilst the terms which describe gravityinertia oscillations are integrated in a succession of shorter steps.

TL;DR: In this paper, a modification to the well-known Lax-Wendroff integration scheme leads to a substantial reduction in phase speed errors, which is achieved without recourse to expensive or cumbersome computations.

TL;DR: In this paper, the second-order enstrophy and energy-conserving scheme of Janjic et al. was generalized to conserve energy in case of divergent flow.

TL;DR: Two minor numerical instabilities in the split explicit integration scheme are identified and remedies which have been developed are described in this article, and some results of these refinements are presented in this paper.