Journal Article10.1111/J.1742-4658.2009.07545.X
A biophysical view of the interplay between mechanical forces and signaling pathways during transendothelial cell migration
TL;DR: Recent work that has related the biophysical aspects of endothelial cell interactions and leukocyte transmigration to the biochemical pathways and molecular interactions that take place during this process are discussed.
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Abstract: The vascular endothelium is exposed to an array of physical forces, including shear stress via blood flow, contact with other cells such as neighboring endothelial cells and leukocytes, and contact with the basement membrane. Endothelial cell morphology, protein expression, stiffness and cytoskeletal arrangement are all influenced by these mechanochemical forces. There are many biophysical tools that are useful in studying how forces are transmitted in endothelial cells, and these tools are also beginning to be used to investigate biophysical aspects of leukocyte transmigration, which is a ubiquitous mechanosensitive process. In particular, the stiffness of the substrate has been shown to have a significant impact on cellular behavior, and this is true for both endothelial cells and leukocytes. Thus, the stiffness of the basement membrane as an endothelial substrate, as well as the stiffness of the endothelium as a leukocyte substrate, is relevant to the process of transmigration. In this review, we discuss recent work that has related the biophysical aspects of endothelial cell interactions and leukocyte transmigration to the biochemical pathways and molecular interactions that take place during this process. Further use of biophysical tools to investigate the biological process of leukocyte transmigration will have implications for tissue engineering, as well as atherosclerosis, stroke and immune system disease research.
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Citations
Passing the Vascular Barrier: Endothelial Signaling Processes Controlling Extravasation
TL;DR: This review provides an overview on endothelial barrier regulation and focuses on the endothelial signaling mechanisms controlling the opening and closing of paracellular pathways for solutes and cells such as leukocytes and metastasizing tumor cells.
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Endothelial cell substrate stiffness influences neutrophil transmigration via myosin light chain kinase-dependent cell contraction
TL;DR: Results provide strong evidence that neutrophil transmigration is regulated by myosin light chain kinase-mediated endothelial cell contraction and that this event depends on subendothelial cell matrix stiffness.
203
The Importance of Mechanical Forces for in vitro Endothelial Cell Biology
TL;DR: The field of vascular biology now realize that an intricate analysis of endothelial signaling mechanisms requires complex in vitro systems to mimic in vivo conditions and advancements in endothelial cell culture models designed to better mimic the in vivo vascular microenvironment are discussed.
Regulation of RhoA activity by adhesion molecules and mechanotransduction.
TL;DR: This brief review considers how RhoA activity is regulated downstream from cell adhesion molecules and mechanical force and highlights the importance of mechanotransduction signaling to RHoA in normal cell biology as well as in certain pathological states.
Effects of Morphology vs. Cell–Cell Interactions on Endothelial Cell Stiffness
TL;DR: The results suggest that while morphology can roughly be used to predict cell stiffness, cell–cell interactions may play a significant role in determining the mechanical properties of individual cells in tissues by careful maintenance of cell tension homeostasis.
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Ning Wang,Iva Marija Tolić-Norrelykke,Jianxin Chen,Srboljub M. Mijailovich,James P. Butler,Jeffrey J. Fredberg,Dimitrije Stamenović +6 more
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Viscoelastic retraction of single living stress fibers and its impact on cell shape, cytoskeletal organization, and extracellular matrix mechanics.
Sanjay Kumar,Iva Maxwell,Alexander Heisterkamp,Thomas R. Polte,Tanmay P. Lele,Matthew C. Salanga,Eric Mazur,Donald E. Ingber +7 more
TL;DR: These studies reveal that viscoelastic recoil of individual stress fibers after laser severing is partially slowed by inhibition of Rho-associated kinase and virtually abolished by direct inhibition of myosin light chain kinase, and they confirm that the ECM is effectively a physical extension of the cell and cytoskeleton.
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Extracellular matrix rigidity governs smooth muscle cell motility in a biphasic fashion.
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Endothelial, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle exhibit different viscous and elastic properties as determined by atomic force microscopy
TL;DR: The hypothesis that the apparent elastic modulus and viscous behavior of cardiac and skeletal muscle and vascular endothelium would differ and these passive mechanical properties are generally consistent with the function of these different cell types was evaluated.
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