A Bayesian perspective on delusions: Suggestions for modifying two reasoning tasks

TL;DR: In this article, the authors directly test to which extend Jumping-to-Conclusions (JTC) is associated with delusional ideation, impulsive decision-making, and unstable belief formation.

TL;DR: The last 15 years in particular has seen a tremendous amount of empirical and theoretical research on the cognitive processes responsible for the development and maintenance of delusions.

Abstract: The degree to which numerous existing models of delusion formation disagree or propose common mechanisms remains unclear. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of delusion aetiology, we summarised 53 theoretical models of delusions extracted from a systematic literature search. We identified central aspects and unique or overarching features of five core perspectives: cognitive (n = 22), associative learning (n = 4), social (n = 6), neurobiological (n = 6), and Bayesian inference (n = 15). These perspectives differ in foci and mechanistic explanations. Whereas some postulate delusions to result from associative and operant learning, others assume a disbalance in the integration of prior beliefs and sensory input or emphasise the relevance of information processing biases. Postulated moderators range from maladaptive generalised beliefs over neurocognitive impairment to dopamine, stress, and affective dysregulation. The models also differ in whether they attempt to explain delusion formation in general or the delusional content (i.e., persecutory). Finally, some models postulate functional aspects of delusions, such as insight relief. Despite their differences, the perspectives converge on the idea that delusions form as an explanation for an experienced ambiguity. Building on this common ground, we propose an integrative framework incorporating essential mechanistic explanations from each perspective and discuss its implications for research and clinical practice.

TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the effect of demand characteristics on hasty decision making in the bead task and found that the abstract variant is more susceptible to test conditions, especially if a categorisation is used to classify hasty decisions.

TL;DR: An issue concerning the criteria for tic disorders is highlighted, and how this might affect classification of dyskinesias in psychotic spectrum disorders.

TL;DR: This chapter provides a brief critical overview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

TL;DR: The aims of this article are to encompass many apparently unrelated anatomical, physiological and psychophysical attributes of the brain within a single theoretical perspective and to provide a principled way to understand many aspects of cortical organization and responses.

TL;DR: A composite thin film resistor is disclosed, including an electrically inert substrate upon which is deposited a nickel-chromium alloy thin film, and an overlying second thin film - which is initially deposited as metallic tantalum - which provides a very high degree of environmental protection with respect to the Ni-Cr film.