TL;DR: Recommendations for the optimal use of radiofrequency ablation for thyroid nodules are developed based on a comprehensive analysis of the current literature, the results of multicenter studies, and expert consensus.
TL;DR: “ 그리고 복부 초음파에 이용 획득이 가능한 2세대 𝕄니라 다양한 분야 연구 및 임상�
Abstract: 초음파 조영제는 1996년 처음으로 출시되어, 심초음파를 비 롯하여 혈관 초음파, 도플러 검사 그리고 복부 초음파에 이용 되었으나 지속적 실시간 영상 획득이 어려워 널리 사용되지는 못하였다. 지속적 실시간 영상 획득이 가능한 2세대 초음파 조 영제가 2001년 개발되어 유럽과 중국 등지에서는 간 초음파뿐 만 아니라 다양한 분야에 연구 및 임상적으로 사용되고 있다. 2 세대 초음파 조영제는 우리나라에서도 2000년대 중반 식약청 신약 허가를 받았으나 비용 문제로 제한적으로만 사용되다가 최근에 CT나 MR 조영제 부작용 문제와 CT 촬영 시 방사선 노 출 문제가 대두되면서 초음파 조영제의 역할이 새로이 조명 받 고 있다. 본 종설에서는 초음파 조영제의 역사와 원리, 그리고 복부, 특히 간에서 임상적 적용에 대해 고찰해 보고자 한다.
TL;DR: The curie effect, or “piezoelectric effect”, is described in more detail in detail in the book “Curie’s notebooks”.
Abstract: 초음파 검사는 1880년 피에르-자크 퀴리 형제(Pierre and Jacques Curie)가 초음파의 기본 원리인 압전 효과 (piezoelectric effect)를 발견하고 약 60년 후에 칼-프리드리 히 두시크 형제(Karl and Friederich Dussick)가 의학적 목적 의 초음파 검사를 시행하면서 시작되었다. 그 후 1953년 존 와 일드와 존 리드가 15-MHz 선형 탐촉자를 만들어 7 mm 크기 의 유방암에 대한 실시간 영상을 얻은 것이 최초의 유방 초음 파 검사이다[1]. 그러나 진료 목적으로 본격적으로 유방 초음 파가 시행되기 시작한 것은 1980년대 이후로 초기에는 낭성 종괴와 고형 종괴를 구분하던 수준에 머물렀으나, 1990년대에 들어서면서부터는 유방 초음파의 공간 해상도 및 대조도가 향 상되어 작고 불분명한 유방 병변의 발견 및 진단이 가능하게 되었다. 또한 2003년에는 초음파 BI-RADS 초판이 발행 되어 표준화된 판독이 가능하게 되었다. 이에 머물지 않고 초음파 관련 기술은 계속적인 발전을 거듭하면서 2차원 회색조 영상 에 추가로 적용할 수 있는 다양한 새로운 초음파 영상 기법들 이 개발, 연구 되고 있다. 이 종설에서는 유방 병변의 발견 및 진단 목적으로 개발되어 실제 임상에서 2차원 회색조 영상에 추가로 적용할 수 있는 여러 유방 초음파 영상 기법의 최근 동 향에 대해 소개하고자 한다.
TL;DR: A rare case of papillary carcinoma arising from the pyramidal lobe that was evaluated by ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) before surgery is reported.
Abstract: Half of the general population have a pyramidal lobe (also called Lalouette’s lobe) [1, 2], but primary malignancy from the pyramidal lobe is rare. The pyramidal lobe is considered to be a part of the thyroglossal duct and arises from the isthmus of the thyroid gland. Since this lobe can be a source of recurrence and reduce the effect of Iodine-131 therapy after thyroidectomy, the presence of pyramidal lobe must be noted during surgery [3]. Furthermore, as surgical excision of the pyramidal lobe can be overlooked during thyroid gland excision, radiologists are expected to determine the presence of the lobe and inform surgeons preoperatively. Malignant tumors arising from the pyramidal lobe are rare as compared with malignancy in the main thyroid gland. Although a case of follicular carcinoma from the pyramidal lobe has been described in the literature [4], no case of papillary carcinoma from the pyramidal lobe has been previously reported. Here, we report a rare case of papillary carcinoma arising from the pyramidal lobe that was evaluated by ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) before surgery.
TL;DR: A case of a secondary breast lymphoma is represented, which was first detected during Ffluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/ computed tomography (F-FDG PET/CT) as an unexpected mass showing hypermetabolism, and then found on ultrasonography (US).
Abstract: A breast lymphoma is a rare malignancy and presents either as a primary or secondary extranodal disease [1]. The majority of patients diagnosed with primary breast lymphomas are reported to have intermediate-grade tumors, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphomas [2]. Fewer studies are reported about secondary breast lymphomas, which are even more rare than primary breast lymphomas with an reported incidence of 0.07% of all breast malignancies [1]. In this report, we represent a case of a secondary breast lymphoma, which was first detected during Ffluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/ computed tomography (F-FDG PET/CT) as an unexpected mass showing hypermetabolism, and then found on ultrasonography (US).
Abstract: 목적: 유방의 악성 및 양성 종괴의 감별에 있어서 탄성초음파와 회색조 초음파의 진단 성적을 비교하고자 하였다. 대상과 방법: 13개월 동안 본원에서 유방 초음파를 시행한환자 중 종괴가 발견되어 조직검사가 계획된 277명의 환자,335개의 유방 종괴를 대상으로 탄성초음파를 추가로 시행하였다. 탄성초음파에서 양성 및 ...
TL;DR: A case of a complicated thyroglossal duct cyst that showed possible malignancy in its US appearance is presented, and the presence of a solid component should alert the radiologist to the possibility of malignancies originating from the TGDC.
Abstract: If the thyroglossal duct does not atrophy completely, the remnant can manifest clinically as a thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC). TGDCs account for approximately 70% of congenital abnormalities in the neck [1]. Eighty-five percent of TGDCs are located below the level of the hyoid bone and generally present as midline cystic masses. These lesions may also be located anywhere from the thyroid cartilage up to the base of the tongue, usually in a midline or slightly offmidline location [2]. TGDCs occur mostly in children less than 10 years old, but its appearance can be seen throughout life [3]. The typical ultrasonographic (US) appearance has been described as an anechoic or hypoechoic wellcircumscribed cyst with increased throughtransmission deep to or embedded in the thyrohyoid strap muscle [2]. Also, functional thyroid tissue has been described within the TGDC that may constitute a primary thyroid carcinoma [4]. The presence of a solid component should alert the radiologist to the possibility of malignancy originating from the TGDC. Here, we present a case of a complicated TGDC that showed possible malignancy in its US appearance.
TL;DR: A rare case of congenital cystic neuroblastoma that initially presented as a suprarenal pure unilocular cyst on postnatal US with rapid evolution is described.
Abstract: The increased use of prenatal and postnatal ultrasonography (US) is leading to the detection of an increasing number of suprarenal masses in neonates [1]. These masses are usually congenital neuroblastomas from the adrenal gland [2, 3]. Cystic suprarenal masses are uncommon, and the differential diagnosis includes adrenal cysts, adrenal hemorrhages, cystic neuroblastomas, renal cortical cysts, bronchogenic cysts, and subdiaphragmatic extralobar pulmonary sequestrations [1, 4]. The optimal diagnosis and treatment of perinatal suprarenal masses have not yet been determined. Cystic neuroblastomas generally appear as anechoic masses with multiple or single cysts, irregular margins, and a thick wall [5]. However, there can be various presentations of the mass; accordingly, knowledge of these differences can help with diagnoses and determination of the appropriate treatment. We describe here a rare case of congenital cystic neuroblastoma that initially presented as a suprarenal pure unilocular cyst on postnatal US with rapid evolution.
TL;DR: Diagnostic performance of thyroid elastography, especially sensitivity, were higher on the longitudinal plane than the transverse plane, although Az values on the transversely inclined planes were not statistically significant.
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the diagnositc performance of elastography for thyroid nodules on the transverse and longitudinal planes. Materials and Methods: Gray scale ultrasonography (US), elastography on transverse and longitudinal planes, and fine needle aspiration biopsy for 78 thyroid nodules (malignant: 34 cases, benign: 44 cases) were performed. According to the Asteria criteria of elastography, scores 1 and 2 were classfied as probably benign and scores 3 and 4 were classifeid as suspicious. Strain ratios on transverse and longitudinal planes were measured. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, and Az value (under the receiver operating characteristics curve) of elastography on transverse and longitudinal planes were calculated and compared. Results: Scores 3 and 4 were more frequently seen in malignant nodules on the longitudinal plane (p value = 0.007), but not significantly seen on the transverse plane (p value = 0.160). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, and the Az value of elastography on the longitudinal plane were higher than those on the transverse plane, although Az values on the transverse and longtudinal planes were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Diagnostic performance of thyroid elastography, especially sensitivity, were higher on the longitudinal plane than the transverse plane.