TL;DR: Bats and birds are natural reservoirs for providing viral genes during evolution of new virus species and viruses for interspecies transmission and the increased intrusion of humans into wildlife habitats and overcrowding of different wildlife species in wet markets and farms have facilitated the inter species transmission.

TL;DR: The study of the fungal microbiota is a new and rapidly emerging field that lags behind the authors' understanding of the bacterial microbiome, especially as a reservoir for blooms of pathogenic microbes when the host is compromised and as a potential cofactor in inflammatory diseases and metabolic disorders.

TL;DR: This review discusses recent data on the early colonization of the gut by microbial species, development of the intestinal microbiota, and its impact on health.

TL;DR: It is argued that although making direct linkage of genomes to global phenomena is a significant challenge, many connections at intermediate scales are viable with integrated application of new systems biology approaches and powerful analytical and modelling techniques.

TL;DR: The present understanding of the function of microbe-host interactions on the skin is summarized and some unique features that distinguish skin commensal organisms from pathogenic microbes are highlighted.

TL;DR: The mechanisms underlying microbial translocation and its role in contributing to immune activation and disease progression in HIV infection are reviewed.

TL;DR: This work reviews emerging systems approaches that combine empirical data with rigorous theoretical analysis to study phage-bacterial interactions as networks rather than as coupled interactions in isolation.

TL;DR: A fundamental understanding of how antibiotics improve feed efficiency is lacking, and an individual alternative is unlikely to embody all of the performance-enhancing functions of antibiotics.

TL;DR: This review summarizes recent advances in PYO biology with special attention to current views on its role in human airway infections and on its interactions with the first line of the authors' airway defense, the respiratory epithelium.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the core proteins in the context of the alginate, cellulose, and poly-β-d-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) secretion systems.

TL;DR: Signals and genetic circuitries that control the stringent signaling systems of a copiotroph, a bacteriovore, an oligotroph, and a mammalian pathogen are described and how control of the SR in these species is adapted to their particular lifestyles are discussed.

TL;DR: Recent developments in PRR research have uncovered important new molecular details as to how Toll-like receptors and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) distinguish pathogen from self RNA.

TL;DR: A fundamental lack of information on the tolerance of microorganisms to multiple extremes is revealed that impedes several areas of science, ranging from environmental and industrial microbiology to the search for extraterrestrial life.

TL;DR: This work has shown that the Gag polyprotein, the main structural protein of HIV-1 and all other retroviruses, has the ability to specifically recognize genomic RNA and both viral and host proteins as it traffics to the cell membrane.

TL;DR: Recent advances in the understanding of bacterial competition mediated by contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) systems are reviewed, suggesting that these systems may have other roles beyond competition.

TL;DR: A broader picture is emerging in which mycoplasmas are successful pathogens having evolved a number of mechanisms and strategies for surviving hostile environments and adapting to new niches or hosts.

TL;DR: An inactivation mechanism of at least two steps is discussed and an inactivation model based on current data is proposed and spore resistance properties and matrix interactions are linked to spore inactivation effectiveness.

TL;DR: An overview of the contribution of sRNAs in regulating the switch from the planktonic to the sessile bacterial lifestyle is given by highlighting how s RNAs converge with known regulatory systems required for biofilm formation.

TL;DR: This review focuses on effectors that subvert signaling pathways that impact on endosomal trafficking, cell survival, and innate immunity, particularly phagocytosis, nuclear factor-κB, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and the inflammasome.

TL;DR: This review focuses on recent key findings addressing the role of intestinal microbiota in antimicrobial defense mechanisms and its impact on intestinal homeostasis in the critically ill.

TL;DR: Understanding how S. pneumoniae defends against oxidative stress is far from complete, but it is apparent that it does not follow the current paradigm of having canonical enzymes to detoxify oxygen radicals or homologues of typical oxidative stress responsive global regulators.

TL;DR: Current evidence supports a scenario in which H. pylori-suppressed autophagy facilitates intracellular survival and persistence of the pathogen, while also generating an environment favoring carcinogenesis.

TL;DR: This work reviews the current knowledge on PtpA, PtpB, and SapM focusing on their ability to interfere with host functions and explores how these phosphatase-dependent host-pathogen interactions can be targeted for novel tuberculosis (TB) drug discovery.

TL;DR: The Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi, produce many adhesive surface proteins that collectively recognize diverse host substrates and cell types and are likely to promote dissemination and chronic infection in a variety of tissues.

TL;DR: The understanding of the molecular mechanisms of integration of the different integrative mobile elements exploiting Xer (IMEXs) so far described is reviewed.

TL;DR: It is suggested that PCD can be 'altruistic': the dead cells may directly or indirectly benefit survivors through generation of public goods, which provides a potential explanation on howPCD can evolve as an extreme form of cooperation.

TL;DR: The interaction of RSV with WD-PAEC cultures, the authenticity of the RSV-WD-PAec models relative to RSV infection of human airway epithelium in vivo, and future directions for their exploitation in the quest to understand RSV pathogenesis in humans are reviewed.

TL;DR: It is suggested that ecological theory can inform clinical understanding of complex microbiota and how niche characteristics at sites of infection will shape microbiota composition through exerting selective pressures.

TL;DR: Two articles published in Cell Host & Microbe provide insights into the Fusobacterium-CRC relationship.