TL;DR: An overview of exposure routes of MCs into the human system and health effects on different organs after MCs exposure including the liver, intestine, brain, kidney, lung, heart and reproductive system is provided.

TL;DR: An overview of the advances made in the development of toxin‐targeting antibodies, and the benefits and drawbacks of different antibody formats in relation to their ability to neutralize toxins, pharmacokinetic features, propensity to cause adverse reactions, formulation, and expression for research and development (R&D) purposes and large‐scale manufacturing are provided.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the database considered in this study could serve as an important source of information on the toxicity of medicinal plants used by this society and to evaluate the scientific data concerning the harmful effects of the selected natural products.

TL;DR: This review evaluates the existing level of evidence for efficacy of BoNTs in different pain syndromes using the recommended efficacy criteria from the Assessment and Therapeutic Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to update the global record of medically significant scorpion species, assigning each to a recognized sting class based on reported symptoms, and provide the major toxin classes identified in their venoms.

TL;DR: Solutions exist that incorporate economically viable strategies to improve antivenom quality, quantity and affordability and are achievable, however the challenge for advocates is to appreciate the importance of health‐economics and ensure that strategies to redress the economic causes and consequences of SBE are themselves cost‐effective and financially sustainable.

TL;DR: There is growing body of evidence that BoNT provides benefit to patients with these hyperkinetic movement disorders and that Bo NT is a safe treatment when used by clinicians skilled in the administration of the drug for these conditions.

TL;DR: Death from snakebites was underreported in the mortality surveillance system; older age groups living in remote municipalities and indigenous peoples were the population groups most prone to death; iii) lack or underdosage of antivenom resulted in higher case fatality and iv) systemic bleeding, circulatory shock, sepsis and acute respiratory failure were strongly associated to fatal outcome.

TL;DR: A review of the existing technology used for the industrial manufacture of snake antivenoms is presented and it is shown that technological innovations have been introduced in the manufacturing process.

TL;DR: In small studies, bee venom acupuncture has been used in man to successfully treat a number of musculoskeletal diseases and neurological conditions, including peripheral neuropathies, stroke and Parkinson's Disease.

TL;DR: The antioxidant activities and irritation properties of venoms collected from four different Apis species in Thailand, which includes Apis cerena (Asian cavity nesting honeybee), Apis florea, Apis dorsata (giant honeybees), and A. mellifera, were compared to display their potential application of bee venom extracts in cosmetic products.

TL;DR: This review focuses mainly on the clinical features of direct toxicity to Hymenoptera envenomations, which can induce a high incidence of acute renal failure, liver failure, multiple organ failures, and death.

TL;DR: Traditional experimental approaches as well as bioinformatics and genomics‐driven approaches that facilitate the discovery of novel bacterial toxins are discussed, including recent work on the identification of novel botulinum‐like toxins from genera such as Weissella, Chryseobacterium and Enteroccocus.

TL;DR: Better logistics and transportation of liquid form antivenoms is an issue to be addressed and realistic and comprehensive health programs for indigenous groups should be effectively structured, in order to reduce the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with snakebite envenoming.

TL;DR: The traditional 'reductionist' approach, which has predominated in the study of snake venoms and their actions, needs to be complemented by more integrative and holistic perspectives aimed at capturing the complexity of these pathological alterations.

TL;DR: Methods for clinically testing antivenoms are outlined and it is pointed out that snake‐bite is most prevalent in low to medium income tropical countries and Phase IV trials (post‐marketing surveillance) are potentially more important and useful than for most other drugs.

TL;DR: An overview of the Phoneutria nigriventer toxins known today is provided and their mechanism of action at a molecular level is described and the potential of these venom peptides as pharmaceutical tools or lead compounds for drug development is critically discussed.

TL;DR: F1 CTX has a cytotoxic activity and pro‐apoptotic potential, contributing to the knowledge about the F1 crotoxin properties as well as its possible use in cancer research, particularly in glioma and pancreatic cancer cell lines.

TL;DR: The results suggested that the visual detection limits for DON, FB1 and AFB1 were 10, 30, and 10 ng mL−1, respectively, and the strip had no reactivity to T‐2 toxin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A and nivalenol, which demonstrates good specificity.

TL;DR: It is indicated that oral insecticidal activity is more widespread in arachnid venoms than expected, and that some arachNid venom and venom peptides exhibit phyletic differences in oral toxicity.

TL;DR: The results indicated that DON significantly inhibited cellular viability and promoted the release of LDH by damaging the membrane integrity of PHNCs, however, the cellular viability was increased and LDH leakage rate were decreased after adding MAPK inhibitors.

TL;DR: The application of powdered activated carbon obtained from the waste tyre for the removal of Microcystin LR using tyre based‐powdered activated carbon was reported, and the removal efficiency was 100%.

TL;DR: It is presented here to show that BMAA can inhibit the activity of certain enzymes, interfere with protein folding in the absence of de novo protein synthesis, and associate in vitro with commercial proteins to such an extent that it cannot be removed by protein precipitation or denaturation.

TL;DR: Bacillus cereus BC7 could be used as a potential feed additive to efficiently remove ZEN in vitro or in vivo and to normalize the disordered gut microbiota in mice.

TL;DR: Findings clearly indicate that Cv‐LAAOI has a selective cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cell line, demonstrating a great prospective for future use in cancer therapy.

TL;DR: Raoux-Barbot et al. as discussed by the authors used actin activation to activate bacterial ExoY-like toxins and found that actin activated bacterial exoYlike toxins.

TL;DR: Results indicate that FB1 caused increased ROS that were counteracted by engaging the antioxidant defense and induced a plethora of antioxidants to curb excess ROS levels in SNO cells.

TL;DR: Beagles showed signs of toxicity, such as vomiting and diarrhea, at 12–48 h following ingestion of A. exitialis, and liver histopathological examinations showed hemorrhagic necrosis of hepatocytes, which indicates enhanced excretion of amatoxins in urine could be effective within 2 days after ingestion of a lethal mushroom.

TL;DR: The gold immunochromatographic strip was demonstrated as a rapid, cost‐effective, reliable and on‐site screening technique for mycotoxins in starch and polysaccharides‐rich herbal medicines.