Abstract: Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) has been recognized as a fair substitute for meat and is the most intensively cultivated mushroom worldwide. The nutritional value of the mushroom is one of the main factors determining its quality. The current study investigated the variation in nutritional composition of button mushroom as affected by substrate type. Three locally composted wastes were used; chic: deep litter chicken manure, ban: banana wastes (leaves and pseudo-stems) and win: winery wastes (grape marc). Each type of compost was mixed separately with horse manure compost (hors) in different ratios (30%, 50%, 70% and 100%) on volume basis. Control substrate consisted of 100% horse manure compost. Results showed that in the mixture hors-win: 30-70 water, fat, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Na and Ca contents were reduced, while ash and K contents were increased. There was a peak of water (90%), proteins (5.2%), Fe (21.9mg/kg), Cu (18.6mg/kg), Zn (10.2mg/kg), Na (74.5mg/kg), K (2mg/kg) and Ca (65.8mg/kg) contents in mushrooms picked from hors-chic: 0-100. Moreover, growing the mushroom on composted banana wastes (hors-ban: 0-100) produced fruits with the lowest protein (2.9%), fat (0.01%), Mg (147.5mg/kg), Na (64.8mg/kg), K (1.4mg/kg) and Ca (55.8mg/kg) contents and the highest ash content (2%). It seemed that the total use of chicken manure compost allowed the production of mushrooms with the closest nutritional composition to those of the traditional compost.

Abstract: Sustainable development looking to reduce threats and harmful effects of economic, social and followed proper development patterns and preservation from lands in periphery cities. Urbanization in developing countries in comparison with developed countries accelerating the process has been increasingly and this problem caused to the physical expansion without any program in cities, leads to impose the harmful effects on the natural environment and agricultural lands in periphery cities. In Iran that share urban and rural population between 1941 to 2016 is contrary from 31.5 per cent to 74 percent have physical changes such as expansion of cities and merged or dissolve villages in cities space and swallowing agricultural lands and gardens in periphery cities. Bojnurd city in North Khorasan province with 2,584 hectares moved toward dissipated growth pattern with modernism paradigm and with accepting urban sprawl pattern swelled of peripheral lands and this issue increased in recent years. Four villages include Halghehsang, Malkesh, Yengeghalee and Bagherkhan 3 were added to the city services margin from 2009. Results shows decreasing in gross urban density from 153.6 to 65.3 per cent in the period from 1941 to 2016. This issue caused that sprawl growth pattern in this city swallowing lands. These lands mainly are agricultural lands and gardens. Reviews on city creep phenomenon in Bojnurd with urban sprawl development pattern shows that this pattern will continue due to promotion of Bojnurd city to the capital of North Khorasan province and acceptance of new superior role and capacity of new regional investment and job creation in the upcoming decades. The other villages like Yngehghalee, Bagherkhan3 will swallow the peri-city lands and the productive role of these villages will changed to services. Therefore, sustainable development and preservation of lands surrounding the city should change sprawl urban pattern in Bojnurd city and replaced by a pattern of smart growth that forms the ideal city is a compact city

Abstract: Due to the dominant role in world nutrition, wheat was given the character of a strategic product. Its participation in human nutrition is gradually decreasing in developed countries where changes in the nutrition structure have prioritized animal proteins. However, in underdeveloped countries where the phenomenon of hunger is present in a severe form, the main tendency is to provide a sufficient amount of it for the needs of the population's diet. The paper examines the influence of genotype/variety and site on winter wheat yield components: length of ears, number of spikelets in the spike, number of grains in the spike and mass of grains per spike, during 2016/17. The tested factors exhibited a different impact and a strong intensity of influence on the parameters covered by the research. The cultivation site had a statistically significant influence on the length of the ear (spike), the number of spikelets in the spike and the number of grains in the spike. Within the wheat yield components, the factor of the genotype / variety had higher influence on the length of the spike. The genotype G2 had a longer spike (8.62 cm), the number of spikelets in the spike (18.30), the number of grains in the spike (42.58), and the grain weight per spike (1.57).

Abstract: Agroforestry is a key indicator in terms of socioeconomic level towards developing countries especially to rural communities for sustainable development. Generally, agroforestry practices are valued environmentally, economically and socially. However, a key problem within recent literatures in relation to agroforestry practices is lack of awareness and knowledge among local community in rural areas. The aim of this study was to identify the contribution of agroforestry practices towards socioeconomics of communities in Merotai Besar, Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia. The data collection was conducted by questionnaire, which was randomly distributed to 250 respondents from five (5) villages namely Merotai Besar, Simpang Tiga, Kijang, Langsat and Iban. Majority of respondents strongly agreed that agroforestry practices could provide food resources for the wellbeing of rural communities. More than half of the communities in Merotai Besar area practiced agrisilvicultural system. A small number of residences in the study area also practiced agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral systems. In spite of the fact that 93.2% of respondents were practicing agroforestry, they lack awareness that they were practicing agroforestry. This was due to poor dissemination of agroforestry information. This paper suggests that policy makers should encourage stakeholders to provide training and skills development centre to enhance the community’s knowledge. Furthermore, it is necessary to encourage active community-based management practices within respective villages for sustainable economic development and to ensure prosperity for all. In conclusion, agroforestry practices can expand the socioeconomics level to reduce poverty of rural communities in Tawau area.

Abstract: The highest yields of sunflower hybrids are provided when plants are placed after surface plowing and chiseling at a depth of 25-27 cm. Reducing the depth of cultivation to 10-12 cm and direct sowing in untreated soils leads to a significant decline in sunflower yield by 20-30%. An important factor in increasing the crop yield is the use of fertilizers (N40Р60К30), which is better during the basic soil treatment in the autumn or under pre-sowing cultivation, which provides an increase in the yield of seeds at a level of 0,2-0,4 t / ha. High efficiency in the technology of sunflower growing is also provided by the use of physiologically active substances.The yield increasing from their application varies within 0,09-0,32 t / ha or 3,2-10,4%.

Abstract: Soil salinity is one of the main abiotic constraints limiting plant growth. This paper focuses on the concept of internal adaptation in relation to salt tolerance during the vegetative phase. Under saline conditions, we evaluated some anatomical changes in stems (area, perimeter, cortex thickness, stele area, stele perimeter, pith area) and roots (thickness, cortex thickness and stele thickness) of two acacia species (A. karroo and A. saligna). Plants of 90 days old were cultured at various concentrations of NaCl (0, 200, 400 and 600 mM) for 21 days. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with four replications. For microscopic analysis, the stem tissues were cross-sectioned and the root were profile viewing. Results showed that salt caused remarkable changes in some anatomical-related parameters. Microscopic studies showed that every acacia species had made its own anatomical changes in stem and root by increasing/decreasing organ area, such as cortex thickness, stele thickness and pith area compared to control. In conclusion, under saline regimes, both species adapted specific characteristics of the roots and stems for better survival under saline environments.

Abstract: The objectives of our investigations are to describe the variation of the main groups of modern winter wheat varieties (19 varieties, check is a national standard by grain productivity, Podolyanka) due to their interactions with environmental conditions by agronomic-value traits like as general grain productivity, components of one, protein and gluten content, developing relations between once (correlation relations), which determining wheat quality and yield in a complex. Second our purpose to estimate asset of winter wheat accessions and appear a useful diversity in comparison of modern varieties. Nineteen winter wheat genotypes have been investigated under regional conditions. Only one genotype surpassed standard in by agronomic-value traits on higher value and only one too have shown its traits in complex on standard level. Regarding to our investigations, ecological exam is necessarily to clarify true adaptability and suitability of winter wheat variety for regional conditions.

Abstract: Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity were analysed to the extracts of aerial part of Teucrium chamaedrys (L.) plant growing wild in Peja (Western part of Kosovo) in two different altitude levels (790 m and 520 m). In extracts were analysed the total phenols and flavonoids by spectrophotometric methods. Total phenols were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and were in the range of 21.45 mg/g (in altitude of 790 m) to 237.51 mg/ g in altitude of 520 m (expressed as gallic acid equivalent, mg GAE/g).The amounts of flavonoids in the extracts of Teucrium chamaedys (L.) were in the range of 11.85 mg/g (in altitude of 520 m) to 84.50 mg/g in altitude of 790 m (expressed as rutin equivalent, mg RU/g). Antioxidative activity was determined in vitro by using the DPPH test. Experimental values are expressed as IC50 values (μg/mL), and they shows that the tested extracts have high antioxidant activities, which range in scope from 18.40 μg/mL (in altitude 790 m) to 264.22 μg/mL (in altitude 520 m).

Abstract: Different land uses affect physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and hence change the quality of soil. However, limited researches have been conducted in due course on the basis of high resolution field surveying. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the effects of land use types on different variables of the Shazand Watershed (Iran) with a calcareous soil in central semi-arid region of Iran with an area about 1740 km. Towards this, five different main land uses viz. irrigated farms, rain fed farms, rangelands, orchards and outcrops dominant areas were primarily selected. Some 140 soil samples were then taken from the top 30-cm of the soil from homogeneous units representing an area about ≥ one kmP Pand various soil properties such as sand, silt, clay, gravel, bulk density (BD), soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, electrical connectivity (EC), calcium carbonate (CaCOR3R), nitrogen (N) were analyzed. The findings indicated that land use types had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on different soil variables. Nevertheless, the SOC and CaCOR3R in irrigated farm with respective values of 0.69 and 29.88 % were found to be more than those of other land uses. It is suggested from the results that other factors of slope, elevation and micro-climate might affect inter-variation of the study soil variables. These findings can be used for designating proper soil management strategies in the study watershed.

Abstract: Fruits from natural populations of wild jujube (Ziziphus lotus L. Desf.) collected from Algeria were evaluated through morphological and molecular markers. The analysis of variance revealed very highly significant differences for all the morphological characters studied (P <0.001) with coefficients of variation ranging from 7.57% to 31.84% indicating a strong variation between populations. The analysis of genetic diversity between Ziziphus lotus populations using 35 ISSR primers showed a moderate polymorphism (61.31%), a polymorphism information content of 0.35, a resolving power of 2.51 and a marker index of 0.79. Cluster analysis using SM model, classify the nine populations in two main clusters. This classification seems independent to climate change.

Abstract: This study aimed verify the physical characteristics of the fruits and seeds of Hancornia speciosa in natural populations of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. The data were collected in two municipalities of the RN, Macaíba and Nísia Floresta. For the biometrics (n = 86 fruits and 381 seeds), fresh weight (g), length (mm) and diameter (mm) were evaluated for fruits and seeds, seed number, seed thickness (mm), yield of the pulp (%). The biometrics data were analyzed through descriptive statistics (position and dispersion measurements). Finally, the t test was applied in order to detect differences between the averages of the biometric variables of this study and of other natural populations described in the literature. The pulp contributes on average 93.56% of the total fresh fruit mass, demonstrating high yield in the studied populations. In the comparison between the populations, it was verified that the variations in the characteristics of the mangabeira fruits are probably influenced by environmental and genetic factors, which should also be correlated in future works.

Abstract: This study attempted to highlight the risks threatening the peasant farmers and affecting the development of their activities in the locality of Mbinga Sud in Kalehe Territory and the localities of Bugorhe and Irhambi in Kabare Territory in South Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were collected using a questionnaire from a sample of 150 peasant farmers randomly selected and fairly distributed in the three locations of the study area. Descriptive statistics were used in data analysis. The results showed that financial risks were not among the significant threats to farm development in the short term. Nevertheless, farm operations were more exposed to risks in Mbinga Sud Locality than in Irhambi and Bugorhe Localities with respect to financial autonomy, access to short-term liquidity and availability of investment funds. The results also revealed that natural hazards (including flooding and erosion) were not currently among the threats of farming activities. For the whole study area, the respondents confirmed that the risks of flooding and erosion are weak, at the rates of 73.3% and 78% respectively. On the other hand, low prices of agricultural commodities, climatic disturbances, crop diseases, crop theft and raptors were the major long-term farm threats in the study area as confirmed by 60.0%, 47.3%, 40.7%, 23.3% and 45.3% of the respondents, respectively. From these findings, we recommend that the strategies for sustainable environment management should be initiated; the proximity of extension services to farmers should be enhanced; and security should be permanently kept and guaranteed.

Abstract: The food deficit that has prevailed for more than 50 years in the Algerian agricultural sector, the problem of land depletion due mainly to the regression of organic matter levels in soils generated by cereals fallow system, widely practiced in the Algerian semi-arid zones, and the evolution of the expectations of consumers, multiply to infinity the need to assess cropping systems sustainability. To reach this goal we have integrated 10 agro ecologic and economic indicators values into a global sustainability index (Sg) ranking from 0 to 1, applying continuous non-linear sustainability functions that use thresholds defining what is sustainable, unsustainable, or intermediate. Data needed to calculate the indicators was getting from face to face interview with farmers for 140 fields practicing 6 cereals-based cropping systems (cereal worked and pastured fallow, continues cereal, cereal potatoes, grain legumes or other crops) in Souk Ahras high plains region (east of Algeria).The evaluation results showed that cereal other crops and cereal potatoes systems have a better overall sustainability despite the fact that some of the indicators can be negatively impacted. Cereal worked fallow has the lowest sustainability. The high value of economic indicators; variable cost and gross income explain the first result, poor economic performance, and inadequate soil management make that cereal worked fallow has the lowest sustainability. Cereal grain legumes system is supported by the state as part of the program of resorption of fallow; but it has an intermediate durability, with high agro ecological performances, and moderate economic sustainability due to the lack of mastery of technical itinerary.

Abstract: Almost all of the studied sorghum hybrids showed a good growth both on the black soil mass and on loess-like loam. The yield of fresh biomass was reached at the level of 50-100 t ha. The juice amount in the stems of Ukrainian hybrids was more than in American ones by 5-10%. At the same time, the concentration of sugar in it was less, 16-19% as against 18-21%. The theoretical ethanol yield for highly productive hybrids (Zubr, Medove, Mohawk, SS506) was 2500-3600 L ha, and for low-output hybrids (Sioux and Silosne-42) 7051600 L ha. Hybrids Zubr, Medove, Mohawk, SS506 and G1990 were selected as the most promising for cultivation on reclaimed lands. Addition of the plant biomass to sludge activates the thermal behavior of the composite mix. As a result, the combustion level rises to 41.4%.

Abstract: Understanding the function of poplar species under different irrigation regimes is critical for water resources and ecosystem sustainable management. This study was conducted in order to understand the performance (survival and height growth) of two poplar species (Populus alba L. and Populus caspica Bornm.) cuttings in two lengths (15 cm and 25 cm) under three irrigation treatments (7-day, 14-day and 21-day intervals). One trial was established using split-split-plot design with three replications. Every two weeks height and number of remaining cuttings were measured. Results showed the survival average at the end of periods for 7-day, 14-day and 21-day irrigation treatments were 83.33 %, 22.08 % and 0 %, respectively, for P. alba and P. caspica were 25.89 % and 44.39 %, respectively and for cuttings in 15 and 25 cm were 29.61 % and 40.66 % respectively. The results of two-way analysis of variance of the survival among cuttings indicated that the differences survival among cuttings were all marked under the four treatments and analysis of variance of the height growth indicated that except under the size treatment, the differences height growth among cuttings were all marked under the other three treatments.

Abstract: The research was conducted in 2017 and 2019 seasons in Bouka center for research and plant production, Latakia, Syria, in order to investigate the ability of using Syrian olive cultivar 'Khoderi' as polliniser for 'Tanche',' Picholine' (French) and 'Frantoio' (Italian) olive cultivars. Pistil abortion (%), pollen germination (%), flowering period, self, open and cross-pollination with 'Khoderi' were studied. Results showed that all cultivars were characterized by good pollen germination ratio. Both season and cultivar affected pistil abortion significantly. The flowering periods were overlapping for all studied cultivars but with some delay of 'Frantoio'. 'Picholine' was highly self-incompatible (ISI= 0.11), while 'Tanche' was partially self-incompatible (0.330.35). The highest self-compatibility was for 'Frantoio' (ISI= 0.520.73). Pollination results showed that using 'Khoderi' as polliniser increased final fruit set over openand selfpollination for all cultivars and seasons. The results indicated that 'Khoderi' was efficient polliniser for 'Tanche', 'Picholine' and 'Frantoio' olive cultivars under Syrian Coast conditions.

Abstract: Payments for environmental services (PES) have attracted increasing interest as a mechanism to translate non-market values of the environment, into real financial incentives for local actors to provide environmental services. The PES concept is relatively new to Serbia. However, recent laws regulating the use of natural resources have enabled some basic environmental economics mechanisms. The current Environmental Protection Act in Serbia adopted the “user pays” principle and introduced fees for the use of natural resources and some ecological services. Other laws, such as the Water Act and the Forest Act, also regulate payments for the use of natural resources. Two ministries share the responsibility of water management in Serbia: the Ministry of the Environment (ME) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management (MAFWM). Fund for Water is not an institution, but a separate budget item in the national budget. It was established in 2010 by the Law on Waters. Six types of charges go into the Fund for Water. Financial plan for water management activities for 2011. shows that the highest financial part is directed to: management of water courses and flood control (32,93%). Some of the important characteristics of a PES schemes that are absent in existing financial mechanisms in Serbia are: explicit internalization of environmental costs; transparent pricing system; clear indications of purpose of charges; control of use of generated income; monitoring the efficiency of financed conservational measures.

Abstract: Given the importance of the woman on the farm, her role in the countryside is often unfairly neglected. The aim of this paper is to examine the social and socio-economic status of women in rural areas, based on the conducted research. The paper is dedicated to October 15 Day of Rural Women. Surveys were conducted in the municipalities of Pljevlja and Kolašin. An interview method was used in order to collect data. Survey results show that rural women play a role both as housewives and as workers on their own farms. It originates from the nature of rural family, which simultaneously emerges both as a consumer unit-household and a production unit-farm. Respondents' answers testify to small but visible improvements in the position of rural women in the surveyed area. Due to the traditional gender roles that involve caring for children and the elderly, solely by doing housework, women are left with little room for independent activities, education and employment outside the home. The survey showed that the respondents were not familiar with the celebration of International Day of Rural Women October 15. In this regard, it is necessary to work on its popularization in order to strengthen the social and economic position of rural women.

Abstract: Extensively managed natural grasslands are predominant in Central Balkan countries (Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia) and the productivity of these communities is extremely low in general. Beside main limitations in grassland productivity, such as strongly acidic soils, organic matter fluctuations, high variability in phosphorus content, some soils were developed on bedrocks with potentially high heavy metal content. The researches were conducted in 2016 and 2017 on representative grasslands in three countries, mainly on Agrostietum capillaris type of community. There were five study sites in Montenegro, two in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and six in Serbia in mountainous region. We analysed nutritive status of the topsoil samples collected in summer in each study site, as well as possible presence of heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr) in the soil. The experimental fields were cut once in the time of inflorescences formation of the dominant grasses and the total concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr) in the samples of plant material were determined. In all study sites soil pH was acidic, with low P content, except in a certain site in Bosnia. Generally, the soils were low productive, but according to Regulation of tolerant amount of hazardous and toxic materials in soil, there were not surpassed maximum permissible concentrations of Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr in Montenegro and Bosnia, while in some sites in Serbia very high concentrations of Ni and Cr were observed. Although some elements exceeded maximum permissible amount for soil and water, the ability of plants collected from the Agrostietum capillaris communities to accumulate heavy metals was generally low. It could be explained by the physiology of dominant plant species (grasses), which influenced relatively low uptake and generally low accumulation of micronutrients.

Abstract: The puberty represents one of the most critical children and adolescents growth and development period, when considerable differences between age and sex may be observed. The aim of this paper was to determine body height, body mass, menarche and nutritional status in children aged 13 and 14 in Podgorica (urban area) and Berane (the rural area around Berane). This overview study, according to International Biology Program (IBP) instructions, was performed in 2018 in elementary schools in Podgorica and Berane, and includes children aged 13 and 14. In Podgorica, 216 students underwent analysis, while 214 of them underwent analysis in Berane. Boys from Podgorica had a slightly higher average body height, body weight and body mass index (BMI) in examined years compared to boys from Berane, but there was no statistical significance. Girls aged 14 years from Podgorica are slightly higher average body height and BMI and statistically significant (p <0.05) higher mean body weight compared to girls from Berane. An analysis of the nutritional status of children aged 13 and 14 in Podgorica and Berane shows that the highest percentage of boys (68.5% from Podgorica and 68.4% from Berane) and girls (75.7% from Podgorica and 74% from Berane) are in the category of normal weight. Girls in Podgorica have a menarche with 12.15 ± 0.84 and girls in Berane with 12.51 ± 0.68 years, which is a statistically significant difference (p=0.03). The girls in Podgorica have been puberty earlier than their peers in Berane. Higher obesity rate in girls in urban areas, leads to a conclusion that the attention should be particularly directed towards the diet and origin of food, especially in child development period.