Abstract: Workflows form the essential part of the process execution both in a single machine and in distributed environments. Although providing conditional structures is not mandatory for a workflow management system, support for conditional workflows is very important in terms of error handling, flexibility and robustness. Several of the existing workflow management systems already support conditional structures via use of different constructs. In this paper, we study the most widely used workflow management systems and their support for conditional structures such as if, switch, and while. We compare implementation of common conditional structures using each of these workflow management systems via case studies, and discuss capabilities of each system.

Abstract: This paper discusses issues in the distribution of bundled workflows across ubiquitous peer-to-peer networks for the application of music information retrieval. The underlying motivation for this work is provided by the DART project, which aims to develop a novel music recommendation system by gathering statistical data using collaborative filtering techniques and the analysis of the audio itsel, in order to create a reliable and comprehensive database of the music that people own and which they listen to. To achieve this, the DART scientists creating the algorithms need the ability to distribute the Triana workflows they create, representing the analysis to be performed, across the network on a regular basis (perhaps even daily) in order to update the network as a whole with new workflows to be executed for the analysis. DART uses a similar approach to BOINC but differs in that the workers receive input data in the form of a bundled Triana workflow, which is executed in order to process any MP3 files that they own on their machine. Once analysed, the results are returned to DART's distributed database that collects and aggregates the resulting information. DART employs the use of package repositories to decentralise the distribution of such workflow bundles and this approach is validated in this paper through simulations that show that suitable scalability is maintained through the system as the number of participants increases. The results clearly illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.

Abstract: This paper describes our experiences in the early exploration of modern concepts introduced in Fortran90 for large-scale scientific programming. We review our early work in expressing object-oriented concepts based on the new Fortran90 constructs - foreign to most programmers at the time - our experimental work in applying them to various applications, the impact on the WG5/J3 standards committees to consider formalizing object-oriented constructs for later versions of Fortran, and work in exploring how other modern programming techniques such as Design Patterns can and have impacted our software development. Applications will be drawn from plasma particle simulation and finite element adaptive mesh refinement for solid earth crustal deformation modeling.

Abstract: Many physically impaired people can meet difficulties whenusing a computer and particularly with the keyboard. Often, a virtualkeyboard can improve the usability of the computer system by handicappedpeople and can be adapted to their disabilities. From a combinatorialpoint of view, artificial ants have been studied to improve classicalkeyboard arrangements. This paper present how this method can fit thefirst problem and then become a tool to build new "tailor-made" keyboards.Then, the artificial ants meta-heuristic can be used as often asneeded as an optimizer that take into account user's activities of writing.

Abstract: We describe techniques to support the runtime execution of scientific workflows in the ASKALON Grid environment. We present a formal model and three middleware services that support in combination the effective execution in heterogeneous and dynamic Grid environments: performance prediction, scheduling, and enactment engine. We validate our techniques with concrete experimental results for two real-world applications executed in the Austrian Grid environment.

Abstract: Causal modeling and the accompanying learning algorithms provide useful extensions for in-depth statistical investigation and automation of performance modeling. We enlarged the scope of existing causal structure learning algorithms by using the form-free information-theoretic concept of mutual information and by introducing the complexity criterion for selecting direct relations among equivalent relations. The underlying probability distribution of experimental data is estimated by kernel density estimation. We then reported on the benefits of a dependency analysis and the decompositional capacities of causal models. Useful qualitative models, providing insight into the role of every performance factor, were inferred from experimental data. This paper reports on the results for a LU decomposition algorithm and on the study of the parameter sensitivity of the Kakadu implementation of the JPEG-2000 standard. Next, the analysis was used to search for generic performance characteristics of the applications.

Abstract: On many parallel target platforms it can be advantageous to implement parallel applications as a collection of multiprocessor tasks that are concurrently executed and are internally implemented with fine-grain SPMD parallelism. A class of applications which can benefit from this programming style are methods for solving systems of ordinary differential equations. Many recent solvers have been designed with an additional potential of method parallelism, but the actual effectiveness of mixed task and data parallelism depends on the specific communication and computation requirements imposed by the equation to be solved. In this paper we study mixed task and data parallel implementations for general linear methods realized using a library for multiprocessor task programming. Experiments on a number of different platforms show good efficiency results.

Abstract: We show the convergence of 1+ lambda-ES with standard step-size update-rules on a large family of fitness functions without any convexity assumption or quasi-convexity assumptions ([5, 6]). The result provides a rule for choosing lambda and shows the consistency of halting criteria based on thresholds on the step-size. The family of functions under work is defined through a conditionnumber that generalizes usual condition-numbers in a manner that only depends on level-sets. We consider that the definition of this conditionnumber is the relevant one for evolutionary algorithms; in particular, global convergence results without convexity or quasi-convexity assumptions are proved when this condition-number is finite.

Abstract: The over-arching aim of Grid computing is to move computational resources from individual institutions where they can only be used for in-house work, to a more open vision of vast online ubiquitous `virtual computational' resources which support individuals and collaborative projects. A major step towards realizing this vision is the provision of instrumentation - such as telescopes, accelerators or electrical power stations - as Grid resources, and the tools to manage these resources online. The GRIDCC project attempts to satisfy these requirements by providing the following four co-dependent components; a flexible wrapper for publishing instruments as Grid resources; workflow support for the orchestration of multiple Grid resources in a timely manner; the machinery to make reservation agreements on Grid resources; and the facility to satisfy quality of service (QoS) requirements on elements within workflows. In this paper we detail the set of services developed as part of the GRIDCC project to provide the last three of these components. We provide a detailed architecture for these services along with experimental results from load testing experiments. These services are currently deployed as a test-bed at a number of institutions across Europe, and are poised to provide a 'virtual lab' to production level applications.

Abstract: Latar belakang. Makanan pendamping (MP) ASI harus diberikan mulai usia 6 bulan karena mulai usia ini bayi sangat rentan untuk terjadi malnutrisi. Namun, pemberian MP-ASI terlalu dini mempunyai dampak yang kurang baik pada bayi. Tujuan. Untuk mengetahui pengetahuan orangtua mengenai MP-ASI tentang usia pemberian, alasan ibu memberikannya jenis MP-ASI dan cakupan pemberian ASI eksklusif. Metoda. Penelitian deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang, dilakukan pada orang tua pasien yang membawa anaknya berusia 1-12 bulan, yang sudah diberikan makanan pendamping untuk berobat di Pediatri Rawat Jalan, RS Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Hasil. Responden perempuan lebih banyak dari pada laki-laki, usia berkisar 17-38 tahun, pendidikan mulai SD sampai perguruan tinggi. Memberikan MP-ASI 6 bulan (3,6 %). Jenis MP-ASI berupa air tajin, bubur susu, buah-buahan dan biskuit. Jumlah bayi yang mendapat susu formula 9 (9,47 %). Kesimpulan. Delapan puluh empat persen orang tua memberikan MP-ASI pada usia bayi sesuai anjuran WHO yaitu usia 4-6 bulan. Makanan pendamping ASI yang diberikan pada anak yang termuda adalah air tajin dan air kaldu ceker ayam. Cakupan pemberian ASI eksklusif 6,3 %, sedangkan jumlah bayi yang hanya diberi susu formula 9,47 %.

Abstract: Latar belakang. Asma merupakan salah satu penyebab utama penyakit kronis pada anak. Meningkatnya prevalensi asma menyebabkan para peneliti mengarahkan penelitiannya kepada faktor-faktor risiko timbulnya asma. Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan beberapa faktor risiko dengan kejadian asma pada anak Sekolah Dasar (SD) di Kecamatan Wenang, Kota Manado. Metoda. Penelitian cross sectional , dilakukan pada Mei – Juni 2005 dengan menggunakan kuesioner pada 11 sekolah dasar dengan prosedur pengambilan sampel dua tahap secara acak sederhana. Hasil. Hasil analisis multivariat dengan uji regresi logistik menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara riwayat asma pada orang tua, penyakit atopi pada anak selain asma, infeksi saluran napas, dan obesitas dengan kejadian asma pada anak SD di Kecamatan Wenang Kota Manado (p < 0,001). Kesimpulan. Riwayat asma pada orang tua, penyakit atopi pada anak selain asma, infeksi saluran napas dan obesitas merupakan faktor risiko utama yang berhubungan bermakna dengan kejadian asma pada anak SD di Kecamatan Wenang Kota Manado.

Abstract: Latar belakang. Obesitas merupakan masalah yang penting dengan prevalensi yang cenderung meningkat serta berhubungan dengan penyakit metabolik antara lain hipertensi dan resistensi insulin. Mekanisme terjadinya hipertensi pada obesitas sangat kompleks, salah faktor yang berperan adalah adanya resistensi insulin. Tujuan. Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara resistensi insulin dan tekanan darah pada anak obese. Metoda. Penelitian bersifat analitik observasional dengan desain cross sectional yang dilakukan pada anak SMP kelas 1 hingga kelas 3 berusia antara 11 hingga 15 tahun yang memiliki IMT > persentil ke-95 di Wenang Kota, Kotamadya Manado pada bulan Juli hingga Agustus 2004. Pemeriksaan basal insulin darah puasa dengan menggunakan metode radioimmuno assay (RIA). Tekanan darah diukur 2 kali selama 2 hari berturut dan hasil merupakan rerata ke-2 nilai tersebut. Definisi pre-hipertensi bila tekanan darah sistolik =120 mmHg dan tekanan darah diastolik =80 mmHg serta resistensi insulin bila insulin darah puasa = 18 μU/mL. Hasil. Diantara 72 anak diteliti, didapatkan hasil 24 anak (33,33%) menderita resistensi insulin terdiri dari 13 anak laki-laki (54,17%) dan 11 anak perempuan (45,83%). Anak obese yang disertai resistensi insulin memiliki nilai median tekanan darah sistolik lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan tanpa resistensi insulin (p=0,006). Dijumpai 86,11% anak obese memiliki tekanan darah sistolik =120 mmHg dan 93,06% tekanan darah diastolik =80 mmHg. Terdapat hubungan antara insulin darah dan tekanan darah sistolik (rs=0,297, p=0,018) dan ada hubungan antara insulin darah dan tekanan darah diastolik (rs=0,298, p=0,011). Kesimpulan. Sebagian besar anak obese menderita pre-hipertensi, namun hanya ditemukan korelasi linier yang sangat lemah antara resistensi insulin dan tekanan darah.

Abstract: When the first specification of the FORTRAN language was released in 1956, the goal was to provide an "automatic programming system" that would enhance the economy of programming by replacing assembly language with a notation closer to the domain of scientific programming. A key issue in this context, explicitly recognized by the authors of the language, was the requirement to produce efficient object programs that could compete with their hand-coded counterparts. More than 50 years later, a similar situation exists with respect to finding the right programming paradigm for high performance computing systems. FORTRAN, as the traditional language for scientific programming, has played a major role in the quest for high-productivity programming languages that satisfy very strict performance constraints. This paper focuses on high-level support for locality awareness, one of the most important requirements in this context. The discussion centers on the High Performance Fortran (HPF) family of languages, and their influence on current language developments for peta-scale computing. HPF is a data-parallel language that was designed to provide the user with a high-level interface for programming scientific applications, while delegating to the compiler the task of generating an explicitly parallel message-passing program. We outline developments that led to HPF, explain its major features, identify a set of weaknesses, and discuss subsequent languages that address these problems. The final part of the paper deals with Chapel, a modern object-oriented language developed in the High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) program sponsored by DARPA. A salient property of Chapel is its general framework for the support of user-defined distributions, which is related in many ways to ideas first described in Vienna Fortran. This framework is general enough to allow a concise specification of sparse data distributions. The paper concludes with an outlook to future research in this area.

Abstract: 본 논문에서는 임의 시점에서의 장면을 생성하기 위한 3차원 모델링 및 렌더링 시스템을 제안한다. 제안되는 시스템은 공간상에 설치된 복수의 스테레오 카메라와 PC들로 구성되며 UDP를 이용해 연결되어 각 카메라에서 획득되고 분석된 영상 데이터들을 모델링 PC로 전송해 실시간으로 3차원 모델을 생성하고, 이로부터 사용자가 원하는 위치에서의 장면을 생성해 디스플레이 하게 된다. 제안된 알고리듬은 성능 평가 결과 기존의 알고리듬보다 좋은 성능을 보였으며, 구현된 시스템은 실시간으로 사용자에게 원하는 시점에서의 영상을 자연스럽게 제공함을 실험을 통해 검증하였다.

Abstract: O presente artigo apresenta algumas reflexoes sobre os contatos interetnicos entre indios e nao-indios nas vilas de indios da Capitania de Porto Seguro, entre os anos de 1758 e 1820. Partindo da identificacao dos sujeitos nao-indigenas, buscamos apresentar a ideia de que as vilas de indios se transformaram em um territorio multicultural, onde brancos, mulatos, pardos, negros e indios mantiveram varios contatos condicionados ao contexto geral do processo de conquista e colonizacao da America portuguesa. Ao mesmo tempo, estas relacoes possibilitaram uma reconfiguracao identitaria, uma vez que forjaram experiencias de solidariedade, de resistencia e de percepcao da propria condicao em que viviam os indios e os degredados.

Abstract: Este artigo analisa o papel das mascaras (praias) dos indios Pankararu (PE) na mobilizacao politica que ocorre na cidade de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Neste espaco, a tradicao funciona como categoria que aproxima a oferta e a demanda de tais bens e direitos entre indios e a cidade de Sao Paulo. Os praias se destacam neste mercado na medida em que esta mascara e o elemento que mais visibilidade vem ganhando nas apresentacoes destes indios. Tais apresentacoes se dao no contexto de insercao destes indios em dois tipos de mercado: o das artes etnicas e o dos direitos das populacoes indigenas.

Abstract: The Grid computing community is converging on a service-oriented architecture in which applications are composed from geographically-distributed, interacting web services, and are expressed in a workflow description language, usually based on XML. Such workflows are viewed as offering a useful representation of service-based applications or applications composed of standalone components that are to be run in a distributed environment. A workflow can be conveniently displayed as a directed graph in which nodes represent services and edges represent the flow of data and/or control between them. In some sense workflows represent “how the Grid is programmed”, and consequently much recent research has focussed on software and tools that support the use of workflows for grid computing. The semantic description of services, components and workflows, service and resource discovery and selection, and the scheduling of workflows present significant research challenges in making workflows of practical benefit to grid users. The solution of these challenges, in turn, depends on languages for workflow representation, enactment engines for workflow execution, and ontologies. This special issue arose mainly out of two international workshops:

Abstract: In this paper I analyse some drawings and graphic practices realized by the South American Indians Wayapi of French Guyana. The purpose here is to explore the communicative and metamorphic patterns that define this esthetical practice. To do so ethnographic examples of practices and uses of these body paintings and drawings made by members of the wayapi population are analysed.

Abstract: This special issue of Scientific Programming is devoted to celebration of fifty years of mutual and remarkable growth of both scientific programming and its primary language, Fortran. In this brief introduction, we will remark on the past, the present and the future of Fortran and summarize the papers included in this issue. Although the first specification of the Fortran language was released in 1956, IBM delivered its first compiler for its computer, IBM model 704, in 1957, hence this year marks the 50 anniversary of introduction of Fortran to users. The language was designed by John Backus and his colleagues at IBM with the goal to reduce the cost of programming scientific applications by providing an “automatic programming system” to replace assembly language with a notation closer to the scientific programming domain. As the computer technology has been evolving from a single computer, to parallel computers of different kinds, to multi-core processors, clusters and grids, the Fortran language has been evolving as well with the same goal of reducing the cost of programming without sacrificing efficiency. Over the years, the common standard emerged first, followed by a series of revisions. This process continues as the most recent development of a revision, scheduled for 2008, is under way. Yet, care has been taken at each revision to preserve, to the greatest extent possible, compatibility with previous versions to ensure correct recompilation of legacy codes. As a result, each revision includes only a fraction of the proposed new facilities, allowing the ideas for changes to mature before they are accepted. Over half of the century of its existence, the evolving Fortran has been the traditional and major language for scientific programming and it has played a significant role in the research on programming languages and compilers for scientific computing. The vibrant user community, the wellestablished committee overseeing its evolution and the process for revisions of the language ensure the significant role for Fortran in scientific programming in the immediate future and are likely to continue to secure Fortran’s relevance for many years to come. The first article in this issue, entitled “Scientific programming in Fortran” has been prepared by W. Van Snyder. The author provides a historical perspective on the development of various, progressively more modern, versions of Fortran, starting with the first standard developed by ANSI predecessor, ASA, and introduced in 1966. The article briefly describes the essence of revisions to these standards introduced in 1977, 1990, 1995 and most recently in 2003. Then, the author briefly discusses revisions being prepared for the 2008 standard release and remarks: “Of the thousands of programming languages invented, only a dozen or so have been sufficiently widely used to have had international standards, and only four of those have had revisions that attempted to keep up with language technology while preserving software investments by maintaining compatibility with previous editions: Fortran, Cobol, Ada and C . . . The temperament of the Fortran committees and community, at least at present, is that there will be future developments, which will maintain, and probably enhance, the suitability of Fortran for scientific programming.” This clearly shows how unusual the longevity and vitality of Fortran have been.

Abstract: The Fortran programming language was designed by John Backus and his colleagues at IBM to reduce the cost of programming scientific applications. IBM delivered the first compiler for its model 704 in 1957. IBM's competitors soon offered incompatible versions. ANSI (ASA at the time) developed a standard, largely based on IBM's Fortran IV in 1966. Revisions of the standard were produced in 1977, 1990, 1995 and 2003. Development of a revision, scheduled for 2008, is under way. Unlike most other programming languages, Fortran is periodically revised to keep pace with developments in language and processor design, while revisions largely preserve compatibility with previous versions. Throughout, the focus on scientific programming, and especially on efficient generated programs, has been maintained.

Abstract: Alem do paladar, os demais sentidos tambem sao acionados na preparacao e consumo dos alimentos. A visao e fundamental neste processo, auxiliando o paladar na determinacao do que e “gostoso”. Assim, tambem comemos com os olhos, pois alem de um gosto bom a comida tambem precisa oferecer um visual agradavel. Ocorre que cada cultura possui gostos especificos quanto a comida. Da mesma forma, cada cultura apresenta especificidades na apresentacao visual de seus pratos. Esta estetica singular, relacionada a outros dominios do pensamento, reflete a ordem social e cosmologica do grupo que a poe em pratica. Assim sendo, pretende-se, atraves do metodo etnografico, investigar as formas mais apreciadas de apresentacao visual dos alimentos entre os Mbya-Guarani, grupo indigena presente no sul do Brasil, bem como os sentidos que esta parcialidade etnica atribui a estetica de seus alimentos.

Abstract: Abstrak. School bullying atau kekerasan pada anak di sekolah adalah situasi/ keadaan yang seorang anak mendapat perlakuan tidak menyenangkan dari teman atau kakak kelasnya berupa bentuk tindakan kekuasaan secara berulang dan intensif yang menyebabkan nyeri atau ketidaknyamanan pada anak lain. Hal ini dapat terjadi di berbagai tingkat sekolah, mulai sekolah Taman Kanak-kanak sampai perguruan tinggi. Dilaporkan seorang anak perempuan berusia 7 tahun datang ke poli Tumbuh Kembang Pediatrik Sosial RS Hasan Sadikin dengan keluhan utama sering pusing pada pagi hari setiap akan pergi ke sekolah, yang mulai dirasakan dalam 3 bulan terkahir. Tidak disertai dengan keluhan demam, mual, muntah, kejang ataupun penurunan kesadaran dan tidak didahului dengan trauma kepala. Pasien mengalami tekanan dari teman-temannya di kelasnya berupa ejekan atau perintah yang membuat penderita tidak nyaman, malas pergi ke sekolah, sering pusing jika di sekolah atau mau pergi ke sekolah, prestasi belajar mulai menurun. Pada pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan pasien sadar dan kontak adekuat, tampak malu dan bergantung pada ibunya serta kurang percaya diri. Tidak ditemukan kelainan neurologis. Pemeriksaan EEG dan CT scan dalam batas normal. Pemeriksaan praskrining dengan KMME (kuesioner masalah mental emosional) didapatkan adanya masalah mental emosional. Penderita dirujuk ke bagian psikiatri dan didapatkan bahwa penderita mengalami depresi. Depresi pada anak dapat disebabkan adanya kekerasan pada anak sekolah (school bullying). Penatalaksanaan harus dilakukan secara komprehensif yang melibatkan keluarga dan lingkungan.

Abstract: 지능형 프로젝션 시스템이란 임의의 환경에서 프로젝터를 이용하여 임의의 스크린에 영상을 왜곡없이 보여줄 수 있는 시스템을 말한다. 최근 프로젝터의 보편화로 인해 지능형 프로젝션 시스템에 대한 요구는 크게 증가했으며, 이러한 요구들은 지능형 프로젝션 시스템과 관련된 기술의 획기적인 발전을 가져왔다. 그러나, 여전히 지능형 프로젝션 시스템이 극복하지 못한 환경들(대부분 주어진 환경이나 시스템의 특성이 시간에 따라 변하는 것과 관련됨)이 존재하며, 이는 지능형 프로젝션 시스템들의 적용 범위를 크게 제약해왔다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 환경들 중에 대표적인 두 가지 예로 스크린에 전반사가 존재하는 경우와 스크린의 기하가 동적으로 변하는 경우에 대한 효과적인 해결책(다수의 중첩 프로젝터 시스템, 보색패턴 삽입) 및 실험결과를 제공한다. 또한, 사용자분석을 통해 사용자 관점에서 제안된 방법들의 효용성을 검증한다. 단, 각 환경들은 독립적으로 다루어지며 모든 환경에 대해 동시에 적응하는 것에 대해서는 다루지 않는다. 이는 모든 환경들을 동시에 고려하기 위해서는 각 기술들을 단순히 조합하는 것으로는 불가능하며, 새로운 모델 및 기술이 개발되어야 하기 때문이다. 따라서, 지극히 일반적인 환경이 아니라면 본 논문에서 제안한 방법들을 이용함으로써 지능형 프로젝션 시스템의 응용 범위를 크게 확대할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Abstract: 본 논문에서는 GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)를 이용하여 JPEG2000 정지영상 압축 알고리즘의 DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) 연산을 고속으로 수행하기 위한 효율적인 구조와 방법을 제안한다. DWT 연산은 JPEG2000에서 EBCOT(embedded block coding with optimized truncation)과 더불어 많은 계산 량을 소모하는 부분이기 때문에, 본 논문에서는 DWT 알고리즘을 GPU의 화소 쉐이더에서 고속으로 수행하기 위하여 Render-To-Texture (RTT)를 활용한 구조를 설계하였다. 실제 구현을 통해 비슷한 등급의 CPU에서의 처리에 비해 DWT 자체는 10배 이상의 수행 속도의 향상을, 기존의 JPEG2000 참조 소프트웨어인 JasPer의 DWT를 대치하였을 때 2~16배의 수행 속도의 향상을 보였으며 해상도가 증가할수록 향상 폭이 크다. 본 논문에서 제시된 프레임 버퍼 객체(Frame Buffer Object)를 이용한 render-to-texture 수행 구조는 GPU 기반 영상처리의 기본 틀을 제공하며, 이를 응용하여 일반적인 영상처리와 컴퓨터 비전 처리를 GPU 상에서 고속 수행할 수 있다.

Abstract: 이 논문에서는 H.264의 효율적인 움직임 추정을 위한 새로운 SAD(Sum of Absolute Differences) 프로세서의 구조를 제안하였다. SAD 프로세서는 전영역 탐색기법의 움직임 추정이나 고속 탐색기법의 움직임 추정에서 모두 사용되는 중요한 블록이다. 제안된 구조는 SAD 계산기 블록, combinator 블록, 최소값 계산기 블록의 3개의 블록으로 구성된다. 제안된 구조는 덧셈연산을 분산 연산(Distributed Arithmetic)을 사용하여 계산함으로써 구조를 단순화시켰다. 제안 구조를 HDL(Hardware Description Language)을 사용하여 실험한 결과 기존의 구조와 비교하여 39%의 게이트 카운트 감소효과를 보였다. 또한 FPGA를 사용하여 검증한 결과도 32%의 게이트 카운트 감소효과를 보였다. 따라서 제안된 움직임 추정용 SAD 프로세서는 칩의 면적이 중요한 변수인 H.264 칩에서 널리 사용될 수 있는 구조가 될 것이다.