Abstract: Dengue viruses cause mild disease in the majority of infected individuals. In most cases, the disease is characterised by fever, headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle ache, joint pains, vomiting and diarrhoea. In a low percentage of patients, bleeding and loss of plasma (haemorrhage and plasma leakage) may occur. The hyper-permeability syndrome results in plasma leakage and, if the compensatory mechanisms of the body fail to control the plasma leakage or if medical intervention is late, shock may set in. Profound shock will subsequently lead to acidic blood (metabolic acidosis) and development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). During DIC multiple micro thromboses occur, leading to organ failure. The mechanisms governing pathogenesis of these forms of severe disease are not clear. High amounts of virus in the blood are believed to cause vascular fragility which, together with infection of endothelial cells and high levels of cytokines and other soluble mediators, may result in bleeding. In the absence of a correlation between the amount of virus in the blood and disease severity, it is likely that response to infection is an important cause of disease. The aberrant immune response to infection is believed to result in a cytokine storm, defined as an imbalance between cytokines driving an inflammation (pro-inflammatory) and those silencing an inflammation (anti-inflammatory). Several lines of evidence indicate that displacement of viral genotype and host genetic background are key factors driving the production of a cytokine storm. Several cytokines are known to induce apoptosis, a form of cell suicide (cause of haemorrhage), and/or affect adherens junctions (cause permeability) in vitro. Whether these cytokines may have such effects in vivo remains to be established.

Abstract: The recognition of Cronobacter as a public health concern was raised when powdered infant formula (PIF) was linked to several neonatal meningitis outbreaks. It is an opportunistic pathogen that cau...

Abstract: Although both the most popular form of synthetic biology (SB) and chemical synthetic biology (CSB) share the biotechnologically useful aim of making new forms of life, SB does so by using genetic m...

Abstract: An individual's metabolic phenotype, and ultimately health, is significantly influenced by complex interactions between their genes and the diet. Studying these associations and their downstream biochemical consequences has proven extremely challenging using traditional hypothesis-led strategies. Metabonomics, a systems biology approach, allows the global metabolic response of biological systems to stimuli to be characterised. Through the application of this approach to nutritional-based research, nutrimetabonomics, the biochemical response to dietary inputs is being investigated at greater levels of resolution. This has allowed novel insights to be gained regarding intricate diet-gene interactions and their consequences for health and disease. In this review, we present some of the latest research exploring how nutrimetabonomics can assist in the elucidation of novel biomarkers of dietary behaviour and provide new perspectives on diet-health relationships. The use of this approach to study the metabolic interplay between the gut microbiota and the host is also explored.

Abstract: 1. Introduction A material may be described as having a perovskite structure1 if it has same type of crystal structure as perovskite--calcium titanium oxide (CaTi[O.sub.3])--does (Figure 1). Perovskite was first discovered in 1839 by Gustav Rose, in the Ural mountains in Russia, and is named after the Russian mineralogist L. A. Perovski (1792-1856), who first characterised the material. The general formula for perovskites is [ABX.sub.3], with 'A' and 'B' being two cations of significantly different sizes ('A'>'B'), while X is an anion that binds with both cations. The perovskite structure is adopted by many oxides that have an elemental composition: AB[O.sub.3]. The ideal cubic-structure has the 'B' cation in a 6-fold coordination, surrounded by an octahedron of anions, with the 'A' cation in a 12-fold cuboctahedral coordination. Cations 'A' occupy the cube corner positions (0, 0, 0), while cations 'B' occupy the body centred positions (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) with oxygen anions 'O' being located at face centred positions (1/2, 1/2, 0). Figure 1 shows edges for an equivalent unit cell with 'A' in body centre, 'B' at the comers, and 'O' in mid-edge. The requirements of relative ionic radii are quite exacting to maintain a stable cubic structure, meaning that even relatively minor degrees of buckling and distortion can result in a number of alternative versions with lower symmetry, in which the coordination numbers of either the 'A' cations, 'B' cations, or both, are reduced. Tilting of the B06 octahedron reduces the coordination of a too-small 'A' cation from 12 down to as low as 8. Conversely, when a small 'B' cation is brought off-centre, within its octahedral coordination, a stable bonding arrangement can be obtained. Such distortions can create an electric dipole and it is for this reason that perovskites such as BaTi03, which distort in this manner, exhibit the property of ferroelectricity. The most usual non-cubic forms of perovskites are the orthorhombic and tetragonal variants. There are also some more complex perovskite structures which contain two different 'B'-site cations, with the result that ordered and disordered variants are possible. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Under the high pressure conditions of the Earth's lower mantle, the pyroxene enstatite, MgSi[O.sub.3], is converted to a more dense perovskite-type polymorph, and indeed it is speculated that this particular phase of the material might be the most common mineral in the Earth (2). It has a perovskite structure, with an orthorhombic distortion, and is stable at pressures from ~24 GPa to ~110 GPa. [For comparison, the pressure at the centre of the Earth is ca 300 GPa.] However, it is stable only at depths of several hundred kilometres and could not be transported back to the Earth's surface without reforming into less dense materials. At yet greater pressures, MgSi[O.sub.3] perovskite undergoes a transformation to form post-perovskite. Although the most common perovskite compounds contain oxygen, perovskites containing fluoride anions are known, e.g. NaMg[F.sub.3]. Metallic perovskite compounds also exist (1), with the general formula [RT.sub.3]M, where R represents a rare-earth or other relatively large cation, T is a transition metal ion and M represents light metalloids (anions) which occupy the octahedrally coordinated 'B' sites, e.g. [RPd.sub.3]B, [RRh.sub.3]B and Ce[Ru.sub.3]C. MgC[Ni.sub.3] is a metallic perovskite compound, and is of particular interest on account of its superconducting properties. A further category has mixed oxide-aurides of Cs and Rb, such as [Cs.sub.3]AuO, which contain large alkali metal cations in the traditional "anion" sites, bonded to [O.sup.2-] and [Au.sup.-] anions. 2. Properties of perovskites As noted, the perovskite structure is imparted with an appreciable element of structural pliancy, and the ideal cubic structure (Figure 1) can be distorted in many different ways. Thus, the octahedra may become tilted, the cations can be displaced from the centres of their coordination polyhedra, and the octahedra might be distorted at the behest of electronic factors (e. …

Abstract: On a global level there are major challenges arising from climate change, resource use and changing age demographics. These issues have created a global marketplace for novel innovative products an...

Abstract: 1. Introduction. That synthesis might be undertaken by the direct manipulation of atoms was suggested by Richard Feynman in 1959, although term "nano-technology" (1) was not coined until 1974, by Norio Taniguchi. In 1986, K. Eric Drexler published his book Engines of creation: the coming era of nanotechnology, which contained the notion of a nanoscale "assembler" with the capacity to build copies of itself and other items, by atomic level manipulation. The groundbreaking invention, in 1981, of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) demonstrated that individual atoms could be visualised, and the technology was further developed to physically move adsorbed atoms and molecules around on a surface (2). Notable examples (2) demonstrated for publicity purposes are the sign-writing of "IBM" using 35 xenon atoms on a Ni(110) surface, and of "2000" using 47 CO molecules on a Cu(211) surface, by researchers in the eponymous organisation, to auger in the new millennium. Considerably larger molecules can also be moved using an STM tip, for example 1,4-diiodobenzene and biphenyl, which have been towed around on copper surfaces. The tunnelling electrons may also be used to initiate chemical reactions, the products of which can be subsequently manipulated over the surface, so providing proof of chemical change having occurred, e.g. the conversion of iodobenzene to biphenyl. As a definition, nanotechnology (nanotech) can be described as the manipulation of matter over an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular dimension. Molecular nanotechnology is the intention of manipulating atoms and molecules, so to create macroscale products. The prefix "nano" is derived from the Greek word meaning "dwarf". The US National Nanotechnology Initiative (3) defines nanotechnology as, "the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension in the range 1-100 nm", where quantum mechanical effects become increasingly important as the smaller end of the range is accessed. It is critical that the particular materials, and devices made from them, should possess properties that are different from the bulk (micrometric or larger) materials, as a consequence of their small size, which may include enhanced mechanical strength, chemical reactivity, electrical conductivity, magnetism and optical effects (e.g. Figure 1). One nm is one billionth, or 10 (9), of a metre, which in relative size to a metre is about the same as that of a marble to the Earth (4). Placed in a different context, an average man's beard grows about 1 nm in the time it takes him to lift the razor to his face (4). The lower limit is set by the size of atoms, which are the fundamental building blocks of nanotechnology devices, while the upper limit is of a more arbitrary quality but is of the dimension at which the particular phenomena of the quantum realm begin to appear, which are essential to the nano-device. A device that is merely a miniaturised form of an equivalent macroscopic version does not ascribe to nanotechnology, lacking these particular phenomena, but is classified under the heading microtechnology'. In regard to the fabrication of nanodevices, we find the "bottom-up" approach, where materials and devices are constructed from molecular components which self-assemble via molecular recognition, while in the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are built from larger entities, not involving control at an atomic level (6). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The plural forms "nanotechnologies" and "nanoscale technologies" thus refer to the many and various aspects, devices and their applications that have in common this scale of the quantum realm. Indeed, there are multifarious potential applications of nanoscale materials, including industrial and military uses, as attested by the investment of $3.7 billion, by the US National Nanotechnology Initiative, $1.2 billion by the European Union and $ 750 million in Japan (1). It may be that nanotechnology can provide advances in medicine, electronics, biomaterials, energy production and, as is the subject of this article, in agriculture and more broadly in the food industry. …

Abstract: Antibodies (Abs) are emerging as an important class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of various human diseases, often conjugated to drugs or toxic substances. In recent years, the incidence of cancer and infectious diseases has increased dramatically making it imperative to discover new effective therapeutic molecules. Among these, small peptides are arousing great interest. Synthetic peptides, representative of variable and constant region fragments of Abs, were proved to exert in vitro, ex vivo and/or in vivo anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-tumour and/or immunomodulatory activities, mediated by different mechanisms of action and regardless of the specificity and isotype of the Ab. Some of these synthetic peptides possess the ability to spontaneously and reversibly self-assemble in an organised network of fibril-like structure. Ab fragments may represent a novel model of targeted anti-infective and anti-tumour auto-delivering drugs.

Abstract: An overview is provided of the importance of molecular species containing unpaired electrons in catalytic systems, as revealed using ESR spectroscopy. The review aims to demonstrate the considerabl...

Abstract: The London School of Economics and Political Science is packed away in a small building near Kingsway, but it is one of the most flourishing and fruitful schools of the University of London; and the meetings of its Students' Union sometimes attract quite a considerable audience of students and their friends. Of this kind was the meeting held on November 4 under the chairmanship of Mr. Edward Twentyman, when Sir Ronald Ross addressed the Union on the subject of Evolution and War. Sir Ronald made the present war the text of his speech. He referred to a sanguinary combat which he had witnessed once in Burma. His audience listening to the detailed horrors of it were relieved at length to learn that the battles had been of ants and not of men; but starting from this point, the speaker indicated the number of directions in which the combative instinct appeared to operate throughout Nature, with apparently disastrous results to the individual. Why, he asked, did Nature allow such an appalling phenomenon? According to Darwin the result was beneficial because it led to the elimination of the less effective. War differed from other selective agencies in that it might wipe out an entire race; and the intellectual and moral gap between man and the next highest creatures was possibly as great as it was by reason of man's warlike nature. Tribal evolution under the moulding of war would suffice to explain the development of such virtues as self-sacrifice, courage, constancy, obedience, and the honourable keeping of compacts in spite of self-interest. Such qualities would be mere foolishness to a Martian evolved in a warless environment. But we, when we blamed a man for being selfish, or a coward, or dishonourable, really accused him of being dysgenic--of not possessing the qualities which millions of years of tribal evolution should have given him. He is imperfect, like a lunatic or a deformed person. It happens that the warlike virtues are the social virtues, and so they affect social evolution enormously. In their entirety they are covered by the word "duty," and of duty sprang religion. From the warlike virtues too sprang much of poetry and music. The purely intellectual qualities of cunning, observation, accurate reasoning, the faculty of inventing tools, and of seizing opportunities are too obviously associated with the warlike spirit to need much emphasis. Sir Ronald proceeded to quote some arguments which had been directed against the view outlined. Darwin himself had pointed out that the best and finest young men were exposed to early death during war, while shorter and feebler men were left at home to propagate their kind. The Chancellor of Stamford University had stated that war was utterly dysgenic. But the speaker pointed out that the facts were all against the theory. The warlike nations were the nations of splendid manhood. He instanced the Zulus and Masai, the Sikhs and Pathans--and referred to the miserable physique of the unwarlike tribes. …

Abstract: Norman Collie was Professor of Organic Chemistry and Director of Laboratories at University College London between 1902 and 1928. He was a pioneering mountaineer but was also a prolific inventor; this review focuses on that little-known latter aspect of his activities.

Abstract: This article is a starting place for anyone that has not yet been exposed to synthetic biology or the concept of designing living things. It is not an exhaustive review of these areas by any means....

Abstract: ‘Open’ is a highly-visible cultural trend of the early twenty-first century. A brief scan of a newspaper or quick Internet search reveals it as a prefix to learning, source, standard, data, knowledge, democracy, access, repository, innovation, government, science and probably more. The expectations of the broadband generation – young people born around the turn of the century – for openness and instant, on‑demand access to information affect research as much as any other social activity. As the world’s population of digital residents – those who see the Web as the place where they express opinions, form relationships, develop an identity and belong to a community – grows, the expectation that the Web will be the place where information is created and communicated will grow alongside them.

Abstract: The volcanic regions of the globe have long been known and most volcanoes have been described in detail, so that it is to be expected that a certain definiteness would have been reached as to the nature of volcanism. As to the cause, that is another matter--but just what volcanoes are and what happens when they become active, surely that ought to have been settled now beyond question. This is not the case. The investigations into the West Indian eruptions of 1902 threw a flood of light on the subject, in which, however, there are still many lacunae. Dr Albert Brun's daring work in Java and elsewhere has opened up an entirely new chapter, whilst Reek's work in Iceland and Russell's on the Snake River Plains of Idaho has so largely increased our knowledge that it can hardly be maintained that we have really known anything about the subject of volcanoes till quite recently. I propose in this article to review this recent work briefly, confining myself to actual observations in the field or the laboratory, and picking out only those points which are fundamentally new. M. Molinar, who observed the whole occurrence from Mont Pamasse, relates that the volcano vomited fire during a quarter of an hour and then became completely quiet; at eleven o'clock, lava and smoke began to pour out. Had the blast been water-vapour, there should have been some clouds due to the condensing vapour, but though the wind was blowing away from where M. Molinar stood and the view was perfectly clear, no clouds were seen to form. The statements at any rate establish the fact that a volcano can discharge a mass of gas downwards and that this gas is like that of a mine explosion. It desiccates, as witness the trees in the outer zone which were rendered sapless, but the leaves still hung from the brittle twigs; and it is certainly not water-vapour. What this gas is can only be guessed from Brun's researches. Dr. Brun commenced his work in 1901 and finished his field observations in 1910. During this time he had visited the Italian volcanoes, those of the Canary Islands, Java and the Hawaiian Islands. His laboratory work consisted in determining the melting-points of rocks and rock-forming minerals, especially those of volcanic origin, and the analysis of gases collected from actual volcanoes either in the explosive stage or driven out of lavas in which they had become dissolved or occluded during cooling. Brun's method in the field may be gathered from his account of the ascent of Mount Semeroe in Java. Having watched the crater in eruption from a distance for some time, Brun desired to look down into the working chimney. Profiting, then, by an interval between two explosions he rapidly approached and stood on the actual rim of the crater. He was able to snap three photographs one after the other. Hardly had he finished when an explosion burst out--still he could photograph, though incandescent blocks fell all around. He observes that investigations made overlooking the volcanic orifices during the paroxysmal stage are very rare and to profit by them one must have complete control over oneself and know beforehand on what one must concentrate one's attention. When he arrived at the rim of the crater the western chimney of the three that were filled with liquid lava was belching forth gas and bluish smoke; little masses of lava were being gently lifted and from the resulting crack gas was being vigorously expelled, rising with a violent whirling motion like that of a water-spout. The gas and fumes were insoluble in air. At the moment of the explosion not much could be seen, but from the number and velocity of the ejected blocks it was evident that the nearest chimney had entirely emptied itself. …

Abstract: David Phillips was a post-doctoral fellow on a Fulbright Scholarship at the University of Texas, Austin, where he acted as host and chauffeur to one of the IUPAC representatives, the Soviet delegate, Professor Nikolai N. Kondratiev, then Deputy Director of the Institute of Chemical Physics in Moscow. During the course of ferrying him around, Nikolai asked David about his plans after his two-year stay in Texas, David replied that he had intended to return to Europe, but was looking for one more year as a post-doctoral fellow before seeking an academic position probably back in the UK. Nikolai invited him to spend time in his Institute, and eventually, through the Royal Society/Academy of Sciences Exchange programme, this came to pass. Professor Phillips now describes his experiences, both cultural and scientific, in Russia during 1966-67 where he learned much about the Russian people, and also about himself. He returned with a taste for good music, Russian literature and language, and travel generally, and for taking chances in life. Keywords: David Phillips, Nikolai N. Kondratiev, Victor Yakovlevich Shliapintokh, Royal Society/ Academy of Sciences Exchange programme, chemiluminescence, fluorescence and oxidation in synthetic polymers 1. Introduction To be a visitor to the then USSR, at the age of 26, for a period of a year was a very unusual adventure, and memories of this have stayed with me for the rest of my life. My visit was brought about by a chance meeting in the University of Texas at Austin, where I was a post-doctoral fellow on a Fulbright Scholarship with the grand old man of photochemistry, W. Albert Noyes Jr. Noyes had been President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, and was still on the Executive Committee, which held a meeting in Texas in early 1966. Each of Noyes students and post-doctorals was assigned to act as host and chauffeur to one of the IUPAC representatives, and by chance, I was assigned to the Soviet delegate, Professor Nikolai N. Kondratiev, then Deputy Director of the Institute of Chemical Physics in Moscow. During the course of ferrying him around, he asked what I was going to do after my two-year stay in Texas, and I said I had intended to return to Europe, but was looking for one more year as a post-doctoral fellow before seeking an academic position probably back in the UK. He promptly asked me if I would like to spend time in his Institute, and eventually, through the Royal Society/Academy of Sciences Exchange programme, this came to pass. 2. Russian colleagues So it was that in September 1966 after a pleasant five day journey by ship [the MV Baltika, formerly MV Molotov] stopping at Copenhagen, Stockholm and Helsinki, I and other Royal Society and British Council visitors to the USSR docked in Leningrad. I confess to a rising sense of unease as we approached Leningrad, a fear of the unknown perhaps, but principally a concern that I did not speak Russian, and what would my hosts think of that. The other emotion as we approached Leningrad was the knowledge that the impression my Russian colleagues would have of the west, and of western people, would be highly coloured by their experience of working with me, since they did not have easy access to contemporary western press, literature, broadcast media. This is not a conceited view; I had been told firmly at the Royal Society to behave in a considerate and professional manner; by the time I left Moscow after almost a year in the USSR, people, including the security services, would know everything about me. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] So what are the abiding memories I have retained? The most important is the warmth and generosity of the Russians with whom I worked, and with whom I still have connections. The most important of these was Victor Yakovlevich Shliapintokh, my research director at the Institute, a man of immense patience and good humour, who sadly died in 2011. …

Abstract: Iron is an essential micronutrient for microbial life. At the start of an infection the host environment will normally restrict available iron, and innate immune responses will aim to further reduc...

Abstract: Metals have been considered for millennia to have medicinal values. With the advent of modern medicine, many metal-based drugs have proven to be highly effective in the clinic. Many different metal ions have shown activity against a range of diseases. The unique electronic structure of transition metals offers great versatility, not always seen in organic drugs, in terms of the ability to tune the properties of a given molecule. This review gives a brief overview of the most established therapeutic metals, and their more common applications, such as platinum-based anticancer drugs. New developments within the field of metallodrugs and novel strategies being employed to improve methods of delivery, are also discussed.

Abstract: Platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are widely applied for the treatment of various types of tumours. Over the last few decades, a large variety of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes have been developed to improve the applicability in a wider spectrum of cancers, increase their therapeutic window and reduce the dose-limiting side effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is the administration of a photosensitiser followed by visible light activation, is a promising route to avoid damage to healthy cells and the surrounding tissue. Transition metal complexes as photochemotherapeutic agents are an attractive option for further development in the field of photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). These complexes exhibit different numbers and types of excited states which are easily accessible upon light irradiation, subsequently giving rise to the formation of various photoproducts that can enable a distinct mode of action. Platinum-diazido complexes are promising candidates for PACT due to the low cytotoxicity when irradiated with visible light. This review summarises the mode of action of current platinum anticancer drugs with cisplatin as a lead example and the development of non-conventional Pt(II) complexes. Background information regarding PDT the photophysical and photochemical properties of metal complexes is provided, as well as notable examples of photoactivated metal complexes with biological activity. Particular emphasis is placed on recent developments on platinum photoactivated drugs.

Abstract: 1. Introduction I remember vividly the event in 1986 when the Unit 4 reactor at Chernobyl (1) exploded, since I was working in Russia during the weeks following it. Largely, this was a preventable occurrence, and was caused by a combination of circumstances, but principally through an unscheduled and ill-conceived "experiment" involving the full withdrawal of the majority of the control rods from the reactor, actually in defiance of standing rules and after deliberately disabling safety systems. In part, the reason for the withdrawal of so many of the control rods was an attempt to compensate for the loss of power caused by a build-up of xenon, which acts as a neutron absorber. Various factors contributed to a loss of cooling water which heightened the already unstable condition of the reactor, due to an increase in the production of steam in the cooling channels (positive void coefficient). By this stage, there was nothing that could be done to avert a calamity, since inherent positive feedback effects rendered the initial rise in power unstoppable, leading to an overwhelming power surge, estimated to be 100 times the nominal power output of the reactor. There is much speculation as to how many deaths Chernobyl might eventually cause, but the initial recorded number was 562 (including 47 "liquidators" and nine children who died of thyroid cancer). Estimates of the ultimate number range from 4,0002 up to nearly one million (3) fatalities from radiation-induced cancers. Chernobyl is the third really serious nuclear accident to occur in the civilian nuclear industry. There was very little information made available within the USSR, and my Russian colleagues learned most about what had happened from their counterparts in the West. I have mentioned "Chernobyl" to various of my friends and acquaintances recently, and from this small survey it seems that no-one under the age of about 50 is aware of even the name of the place, let alone what happened there. Apparently, a worker at a Swedish nuclear power plant (NPP) set the alarms off when he went into work on a Monday morning, having been hiking over the weekend. Naturally, this was a surprise since someone working at an NPP might be expected to be contaminated by exposure inside the installation, but in this case, the radioactive plume had contaminated Sweden (and the NPP worker) along with much of Western Europe, which alerted that the event had taken place. Along with Chernobyl, there have been major accidents at Three Mile Island and Windscale (subsequently renamed Sellafield). That said, the nuclear industry has a fairly impeccable safety record, albeit that the long-term storage of its waste remains an unresolved dilemma. To the above list of three, which occurred some decades ago, can now be appended the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident (4). In the latter instance, the tsunami following the Tohoku earthquake on 11 March 2011 resulted in failures of equipment and a loss-of-coolant event, with nuclear meltdowns (overheating and damage to the reactor core, with melting of fuel rod components and the potential for escape of radionuclides), and the egress of radioactive isotopes, commencing on 12 March 2011. Fukushima and Chernobyl are the only NPP accidents to measure Level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale (5) (described below), and it is estimated that the Fukushima accident has released (6) 10-30% of the amount of radiation resulting from that at Chernobyl, although the emissions continue, and it is not clear how and when they may be stemmed entirely. The Fukushima NPP (7) had six separate boiling water reactors which were made by General Electric (GE) and maintained by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO). Reactor 4 had been de-fuelled when the incident took place, and reactors 5 and 6 were in cold shutdown with the intention of a planned maintenance effort. When the earthquake hit, reactors 1-3 were automatically shut down by the insertion of control rods, i. …

Abstract: This review describes the progress made over the last 45 years since the seminal paper by Inoue's group in Tokyo on the utilisation of CO2 as a component of a polymerising system. This approach, ra...