Розведення і генетика тварин 

Abstract: Introduction. It is a well-known fact that agriculture and animal husbandry, in particular, are an integral part of the economy, which provides the country not only with financial deductions, but also forms the basis of food security through the production of raw materials, processing and production of food products for further consumption by the population.Research materials and methods. The purpose and objectives of the research were to monitor livestock production, where the main indicators are the total livestock, as well as its delineation by categories of farms and regions. Determine the number of animals by species, taking into account the breeding part and the natural and climatic zones of Ukraine. It is also planned to submit data on the volume of production of agricultural animal products.The number of agricultural species and the production of livestock products are presented from the annual statistical collection Animal Husbandry of Ukraine, and the breeding part is from the State Register of Breeding Subjects in Livestock Breeding for 2021.Research results. The number of animals on January 1, 2022 was 213335 thousand heads, of which 94.8% are poultry of all kinds, 2.6% pigs, 1.2% cattle, 0.7% rabbits, 0.5% sheep and goats and 0.1% horse. It should be noted that the number of cattle in enterprises is 38%, at that time –62% of the population. Accordingly, other types of farm animals have the following values: rabbits – 37.5% in enterprises and 72.5% in the population; pigs – 63.8% and 36.2%; sheep and goats – 15.3% and 84.7%; horses – 5.2% and 94.8% and poultry – 56.1% in enterprises and 43.9% in the population. The number of horses in Ukraine has the lowest value among agricultural species. As of January 1, 2022, there were 202243.1 thousand poultry in Ukraine, of which 113478.9 thousand. (56%) in enterprises and 88764.2 thousand heads (45%) in the population. Poultry was distributed by species as follows: chickens and roosters - 186623.0 thousand heads (111706.0 thousand heads (59.8%) in enterprises against 74917.0 thousand heads (40.2%) in the population); geese - 3430.4 thousand heads (57.4 thousand heads (1.7%) in enterprises against 3373.0 thousand heads (98.3%) in the population); ducks – 9959.9 thousand heads (195.8 thousand heads (1.9%) in enterprises against 9764.1 thousand heads (98.1%) in the population) and turkeys – 1510.7 thousand heads (845.0 thousand people (55.9%) in enterprises against 665.7 thousand people (44.1%) in the population). Rabbits are kept in all regions of Ukraine. As for beekeeping, in the above-mentioned period, 2686 thousand bee colonies were kept, including 37.1 thousand bee colonies or 1.4% in enterprises.3519.2 thousand heads were allocated to the active (breeding) part (except for beekeeping and fish farming), including cattle - 9.6%, pigs - 3.9%, sheep - 1.1%, horses - 0, 1%. In addition, the active part of the cattle population is divided by specialization, namely dairy and meat breeding, to which 320,000 head belong, respectively and 20.3 thousand heads. The breeding stock of the breeding part includes 188002 ewes, including: 141522 dairy cows and 8401 meat cows, 13757 main sows, 23123 ewes and 1-year-old ewes, and 1199 horses. A total of 530 breeding statuses were registered, including 377 in cattle breeding, 68 in pig breeding, 30 in sheep breeding, 39 in horse breeding and 16 in poultry breeding.The main statuses, according to the State Register of Breeding Subjects in Livestock Breeding, are breeding farms and breeders. 139 breeding farms in dairy cattle breeding and 27 statuses in meat breeding, 27 pig breeding farms, 11 sheep breeding farms, 19 horse breeding farms are registered. A significant part of the farms with the status of breeding breeders are engaged in breeding agricultural animals, namely, 187 in dairy and 24 in meat cattle breeding, 40 in pig breeding, 19 in sheep breeding, 20 in horse breeding. It should be noted that the share of the total stock in cattle breeding plants, pig breeding, sheep breeding and horse breeding is 52.5%, and in breeders, respectively, 47.5%. By breed, it is a population of 13 breeds of dairy and meat cattle, 10 breeds of pigs, 9 breeds of sheep and 10 breeds of horses, 7 crosses of chickens, 1 cross of ducks, 2 breeds of geese and 1 breed of ostriches. In addition, 20 species of fish and 2 species of bees are used. The average yield per cow in Ukraine for 2021 in all categories of farms was 5155 kg, including 6863 kg in enterprises, and 4604 kg in the population. In the breeding part of the cattle population, the amount is 8130 kg per cow.The analysis of the production of livestock products showed a wide range both in terms of the main indicators within agricultural species and in different forms of ownership. During the reporting period, 3329.8 thousand tons of agricultural animals were raised, including 2359.3 thousand tons or 71% by enterprises, and 970.5 thousand tons or 29% by households. According to the types of agricultural animals, the preference of live weight of poultry (55%), pigs (29%) and cattle (14%) was established. As of January 1, 2022, 2438.3 tons of slaughter weight of farm animal meat was produced, including 1720.4 tons, or 70%, in enterprises and 717.9 tons, or 30%, in households. As for reproduction indicators in cattle breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding, the average yield of calves per 100 cows, piglets per 100 main sows, and lambs and kids per 100 sheep and goats in enterprises is 67 calves.8713.9 thousand tons of milk were produced in farms of all categories, including 2767.7 thousand tons in enterprises and 5946,2 thousand tons in private farms. 14071.3 million eggs were produced from poultry of all types in farms of all categories. units, including 7012.8 million units (49.8%) in enterprises and 7058.5 million units (50.2%) in households. 1497 tons of wool of all kinds were produced, including enterprises - 151 tons and households - 1346 tons. No less interesting are the indicators of the production of the main types of products per person, namely meat (in slaughter weight) - 58.9 kg, milk - 210.6 kg and eggs - 340 pieces. Conclusions. In 2021, 213335 thousand heads of agricultural animals were registered in all categories of farms, where 118661.7 thousand heads were in enterprises and 94673.3 in households. By agricultural species, they were distributed as follows: 94.8% are occupied by poultry of all types, 2.6% by pigs, 1.2% by cattle, 0.7% by rabbits, 0.5% by sheep and goats, and 0.1% by horses The allocated breeding part of the population of agricultural animals occupies 3519.2 thousand heads (except for beekeeping and fish farming), which are placed in 528 breeding statuses, in which they work on improving the productive qualities of 63 breeds, types, crosses and species. The average weight of cows in all categories of farms in Ukraine is 5155 kg, and the breeding part is 8130 kg. Enterprises milked 6863 kg of milk per cow, and the population milked 4604 kg.

Abstract: Introduction. The locality of the population in terms of limited numbers in a certain area, inherent resistance to some diseases, undemanding to feeding conditions and maintenance at a relatively average level of productivity, at the same time the strength of the constitution - such characteristic features are characteristic of autochthonous breeds. The Ukrainian White-headed of dairy cattle is no exception. Therefore, the main goal of the study is the phased consideration, i.e. generalization on issues of origin, level of productive traits, genealogical structure, obtaining unique animals with record values important for breeding. The main tasks of this work are evolutionary, from the point of view of the stages of formation of the breed at different time periods, taking into account the level of manifestation of economically useful features and the formation of structural units, both the initial ones that were used at the beginning and the modern ones (the ones that remained). Research materials and methods. Research was conducted based on the analysis of data presented in open publications and statistical reporting materials. In general, retrospective and source research methods were used. Research results. It has contradictions and hypotheses in its origin. The first hypothesis. The Ukrainian White-headed Cattle comes from Dutch cattle from the Groninger-type breed. A related feature of the two breeds is a peculiar coloration, namely a white head with so-called "glasses", belly and udder. The second hypothesis. According to V. P. Ustyantsev, there are differences in the type of two breeds. In addition, part of the colonies bought cattle in Volyn (Novograd-Volynskyi, Chervonoarmysk) with characteristic features, namely, the animals had a red color with "glasses" around the eyes and in "stockings", which theoretically can testify to the Ukrainian Whitehead Cattle as a locally created "spontaneous" selection in private farms. M. O. Starovyerov adds that the color of the breed is not the origin, besides, no sources of the 19th century have been found that would testify to the importation of the Groninger breed into the Ukrainian White-headed Cattle breeding center. The author also reminds that the vast majority of animals of the Groninger type of the Dutch breed had a black coat, while the Ukrainian White-headed Cattle at the stage of formation had a characteristic red coat. Regarding the type, M. O. Staroverov considers the Groninger type to be similar to the meat shorthorn, while the Ukrainian White-headed Cattle is a pronounced milk type obtained through selection. The main disadvantages of the Ukrainian White-headed breed are low live weight; low fat content in milk and exterior defects, and advantages: long duration of economic use, strong type of constitution, undemanding to housing conditions and increase of productive signs due to improvement of feeding conditions. According to the official data of the census, the number of animals of the Ukrainian White-headed breed on January 1, 1935, 1939, 1945, 1951, 1964, 1969, and 1974 was 105.8 thousand, 230.6 thousand, 127.5 thousand, and 161.3 thousand, respectively 662.5 thousand, 520.9 thousand and 563.5 thousand. According to the main breeding characteristics, it was noted that the milk productivity of cows is at the level of 3000 kg ... 3500 kg with a fat content of 3.80%, in breeding farms it is somewhat higher – 4000 kg ... 5000 kg. According to the exterior, namely, a significant drawback observed in the animals of the Ukrainian White-headed Cattle is sabre-likeness, as well as a narrow, roof-like, hanging butt. It should be noted that from 1926 to 1960, red and black cows of the Ukrainian White-headed breed were bred separately, which later formed two types and reduced the intensity of selection. Differentiation of types by color ensured an increase in milk by only 93 kg. Red-colored animals were concentrated in Zhytomyr and Kyiv regions, and black-colored animals were concentrated in Khmelnytsk region. The genealogical structure at the beginning of the formation of the breed was represented by descendants of Yurka A-25, Yurka A-55, Breylak A-57 and Sokol A-637 lines. In the post-war period, breeding work on the formation of a genealogical structure was carried out with the progenitors of the Fikus 491, Landish KK-15, Hayka KK-3, Limon KK-1 and Zhargun KK-5 lines in the Borodyansky district and in the experimental farm "Terezino" of the Kyiv region. The creation of a linear structure of the Marta 171, Ozon VKKM-4 and Rezvoi VKK-3 bulls was carried out at the "Antonina" stud farm in the Khmelnytsk region. As for the families, we should note the progenitors of the cows Orbita VK-430, Lyustra VKK-11, Ulitka VK-120, Mazurka VKK-34, Arka VKK-6, Forsunka VKKM-42, Neva 93, Yarmedyanka 102, Limfu 812, Orlytsya9413, Censurna 808, Lastochka 456, Pchilku 56, Chernushka 692. Regarding the duration of use of cows and longevity in particular, it should be noted that cows Lozu 282 (15 lactations 77197 kg), Udarnytsia 410 (12 lactations – 67554 kg), Oyra 484 (13 lactations – 63888 kg) and Usmishka 380 (13 lactations – 62661 kg), Tainu 896 (13 calves and 53608 kg of milk), Brovarnya 292 (12 calves and 65797 kg of milk) and Kryga 286 (12 calves and 53923 kg of milk). The record holder of the breed should be considered the cow Orbita VK-43, which is an unsurpassed animal with a record milk yield of 12,339 kg with a fat content of 3.41% in the seventh lactation (the highest daily expectation of 53.4 kg), and for the eighth lactation, respectively, 8,424 kg and 4.05%.At the beginning of the 50s of the XIX century, it was allowed to crossbreed the Ukrainian White-headed Cattle with milk (Simmental, Black-and-White Estonian, Brown Latvian, Red Estonian) and meat (Aberdeen-Angus, Hereford, Kazakh Whitehead) breeds. In addition, imported animals of other breeds (Simmental, Swiss, etc.) were brought into the area of the breed's distribution, but over time, they disappeared due to unsatisfactory housing conditions. Conclusions. Cattle of the dairy sector of productivity are a local and disappearing breed (farms of the Khmelnytsk region). There are contradictions and hypotheses about its origin, but in terms of numbers, especially at the initial stages of the creation of the breed in certain regions, the share in the overall structure ranged from 15.2% in Kyiv to 50.4% in Zhytomyr. In general, the share of Ukrainian White-headed Cattle animals in the total structure of breeds decreased from 4.1% in 1974 to 0.3% in 1985.

Abstract: The industrialization since the beginning of the previous century led to the loss of a significant number of breeds. But it should be remembered, that the disappearance of a breed is not only the disappearance of an important unit that supplemented the uniqueness of a specific landscape, met the needs of a certain category of people who lived in this territory, performed certain rituals associated with traditions and territory, evolved with and complemented a certain culture and nation, but as well the breed – it is the genes, which were not revealed at that time, but in the future could provide people with the development of the latest technologies with new products, a new type of knowledge, skills and useful peculiarities. The analysis of the literal source base of the past centuries confirms the disappearance of Polish, Red Smilyan, Ukrainian White-Backed, Black-and-White Podilian in cattle breeding, in sheep breeding – 9 breeds (Walahian, Pirni, Reshetilivska, Chushka, Mazayev Merino, Malich, Hutsulian, Chuntuk), in horse breeding – Streletsky, Germano-Bessarabian, Nogai breeds and Tarpan. 3 breeding populations have disappeared in pig breeding. Disappeared in cattle breeding: the Polissian breed of cattle, which was widespread in the 19th and early 20th centuries on a large territory of Polissia (in 1926, on the right-bank Polissia, it numbered about 35.000 heads). By origin, the Polissian cattle were admitted a descendant of the ancient race that lived in Polissia since ancient times. The animals were exceptionally hardy, resistant to diseases typical for the region, and had a certain productivity even in difficult conditions of unsatisfactory keeping. The Red Smilyan breed of the beginning of the 20th century was spread in the area of the town of Smila, "from north to south along the railway through the town of Smila all the way to Horodyshche and Chhyrynsky district. This breed was "a branch of red steppe cattle, which, like Grey Ukrainian cattle, belonged to the group of steppe cattle." So, it would be interesting to investigate it as well. At the beginning of the last century, the different varieties of spotted cattle of Podillia were spread over almost the entire territory of the Vinnytsia region (except for the northern part). Researchers estimate the presence of this livestock at the level of 100.000 heads at the beginning of the last century. This group included Black-and-White Podilian and Ukrainian White-Backed breeds. Sheep breeding. Coarse-wool sheep have been bred on the territory of Ukraine for a long time, especially Reshetilivska and Sokilian sheep. In the literature, there is also information about the breeding of Wallahian sheep. Horse breeding. Research in recent years suggests a high probability of domestication of horses in the territory of the steppes of Ukraine, so it would be especially interesting to study the behavior, characteristics, and variety of products of ancient horses of Ukrainian origin. However, this is no longer possible on at least 3 breeds of horses: Striletska, Germano-Bessarabian, Nogai and Tarpan. In addition, there is evidence that in Ukraine in the 17th century a breed of striped (tarantoid) horses was widespread. Ethnological studies also report on the existence of Steppe Ukrainian horse, bred in Zaporizhzhia, and Boykivian (boyki, perevinniki) horse breed in the Carpathians. The Ukrainian breed of horses became the basis for the formation of the Black Sea breed in the Kuban after the Cossacks of Zaporizhzhya Sich were resettled there in the 19th century. Pig breeding. According to the National Coordinator of Genetic Resources from Ukraine in FAO until 2014, I.V. Guzev, three breed groups of pigs and one local population (European short-eared pig) have disappeared in Ukraine. According to ethnographers, Ukrainian black and brown breeds have long been predominant on the territory of Ukraine. So, it was the Ukrainian sub-population of European group of pigs. This group as well was characterized with yellowish, brown or white, mixed with black bristle color. There were as well individuals of gray or white color with black spots, small fangs were visible.