Abstract: This paper discusses the complex nature of transformational change required to achieve a learning culture. Peer mentoring will be discussed as an example of a learning process that is in harmony with the values-based transformational leadership and change process, the professional values of librarianship, and the democratic nature of a learning culture.

Abstract: brary. This combination of business models and specifics of the library profession has created a ready reference tool for perspectives, methodologies, case studies, and future planning. The authors provide excellent schemas, and the book is complete with indexes and references, providing easy navigation. In the first section, the components of workplace conflict and struggle are described. According to Montgomery and Cook, one of the biggest causes of conflict in the organization is the emotional baggage each person brings, which can ultimately lead to conflict. The authors describe, in detail, other ingredients and types of conflict, then tie these elements together with real-life case studies, complete with analysis and suggestions for coping with a similar situation. Many of these “stories from the trenches” are startlingly similar to ones that library professionals see, hear, and deal with on a daily basis. They also reflect current issues and trends surrounding libraries, such as emotional intelligence, organizational culture, leadership, and violence, some of which could be considered controversial but nonetheless important to address. Lastly, the authors seek to equip the reader with armor and tools to face and respond to conflict. By applying self-management, planning, and strong leadership, library professionals can examine their response to the environment and work on developing conflict management skills. The strengths of this book are its breadth and variety. Perhaps one of its best qualities is that the solutions suggested could be modified to fit any library: public, academic, or special. As library roles are expanded in the future by technology and other advances, new challenges will have to be addressed in the workplace. This reference work should be updated in order to remain current and practical. Future editions would be improved by adding illustrations or graphics to complement and break up the text and by drawing more information from psychological or behavioral research to illustrate the reasons behind conflict.

Abstract: LibQUAL+TM data to date have not been subjected to the modern measurement theory called polytomous item response theory (IRT). The data interpreted here were collected from 42,090 participants who completed the "American English" version of the 22 core LibQUAL+TM items, and 12,552 participants from Australia and Europe who completed the "British English" version of the 22 core LibQUAL+TM items. Results suggest that the LibQUAL+TM protocol has psychometric integrity, that American English participants tend to be somewhat less critical of library service quality, and that students and faculty have fairly similar views of library service quality.

Abstract: Adult learners have unique developmental and social characteristics as compared to their traditional counterparts in higher education. Library instruction models used for traditional learners are not always effective when teaching adults. The author examines adult learner characteristics and adult learning theory and also uses personal professional experiences to suggest ways in which librarians can create more pedagogically effective and meaningful instruction. Eckerd College's Program for Experienced Learners serves as the model for this examination.

Abstract: This article reports on the Web citation behavior of print and electronic thesis authors at Iowa State and Virginia Tech from 1997 to 2003. Citations from print theses were compared with those submitted as an electronic thesis or dissertation (ETD). This study suggests that students who are required to publish their theses digitally exhibit citation behavior that is no different from students who produce their theses in print. Web citations accounted for 2.2 percent of citations in print theses and 5.4 percent of citations in ETDs. Persistence of Web citations was uniformly poor. The implications for library services and future research directions are discussed.

Abstract: The Visual Image User Study (VIUS), an extensive needs assessment project at Penn State University, describes academic users of pictures and their perceptions. These findings outline the potential market for digital images and list the likely determinates of whether or not a system will be used. They also explain some key user requirements for teaching, independent learning, and collection management. The importance of picture collections maintained by individuals is underscored, as is the desire of users to easily mix pictures from their collections with those from databases and other sources. Two prototypical services were tested: an image database service and a more experimental peer-to-peer system named LionShare.

Abstract: The MIT Libraries enthusiastically implemented real-time online reference service in September 2001. After 15 months, Ask Us!—Live was suspended due to ongoing software problems. This article describes the four-part assessment of the service with recommendations for the future.

Abstract: Many distance degree students at Washington State University enroll in General Education 300, a one-credit information literacy course taught online by librarians that exposes students to activities and materials that support the ACRL information literacy standards. In a final assignment, students write about the origins, applicability, and future use of information literacy and their newly minted skills in this area. We used ATLAS/ti, http://www.atlasti.de/, to analyze the text of these assignments and explore student attitudes toward information literacy. The majority of students articulated a broad view of information literacy not tied to a specific course project or to the library as a place. s more and more universities add distance offerings to their curricula, librar- ians are providing a wide array of services in new ways. With this substantial growth of distance education and the increased use of online course manage- ment software for on-campus courses, many librarians have become involved in de- signing and teaching information literacy online. Washington State University (WSU) is no exception. WSU offers a one-credit information literacy and research skills course through the General Education Program (Gen Ed). Taught online and on campus by library faculty, the course assists students in learning about the research process, the use and evalua- tion of information resources, and issues related to the ethical use of information. This article describes the design and implementation of the online course, with discussion of the types of assignments and assessments used. An analysis of the final course project will show how students think about information literacy in addition to learning the tasks of selecting, citing, and evaluating sources.

Abstract: An examination of traditional output measures—circulation, reserve, in-house use, and reference transactions—from the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), California State University, State University of New York, University of Maryland, and other libraries reveals declines that may be deeper and more widespread than previously reported. This trend is evident against a background that includes (1) continuing increases in the cost of periodicals, (2) searching for a new paradigm, and (3) the emerging virtual library.

Abstract: Scholars publish in journals to preserve their work and to make sure that it is available for current and future researchers. More and more of this publishing is done in electronic format. Libraries, the institutions that have traditionally overseen the preservation of print publications, are now struggling with the preservation of digital scholarly works. Issues of technical and licensing constraints and economic concerns must be addressed. This paper analyzes three approaches to the preservation and archiving of electronic scholarly publishing. A set of basic criteria is applied to dark archives, moving wall, and caching approaches.

Abstract: A test of the effectiveness of interactive multimedia Web sites demonstrates that library users' topic knowledge was significantly greater after visiting the sites than before. Library users want more such sites about library services, their majors, and campus life generally. Librarians describe the roles they want to play on multimedia production teams after working on the LUMENS Project.

Abstract: Google's extraordinary success is usually attributed to innovative technology and new business models. By contrast, this paper argues that Google's success is mostly due to its adoption of certain library values. First, Google has refused to adopt the standard practices of the search engine business, practices that compromised service to the user for the sake of immediate corporate profit. Instead, Google has implemented many policies and design principles that correlate directly to established library values. Second, Google has implemented systems that replicate (or substitute for) valuable library functions. With these steps Google has introduced some traditional library practices and values to the Internet environment, and there can be little doubt that they have contributed enormously to its success.

Abstract: The authors report on the planning, execution, and future of Northwestern University's Introduction to Electronic Resources/Humanities Computing Training Day, a mandatory one-day set of classes for first-year doctoral students in humanities disciplines. The project is a collaborative effort among the Office of the Dean of the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences; the University Library; and Academic Technologies. In this case study the authors explain the intricacies of the program and set it in the context of current thought and practices regarding graduate student training and collaborative ventures.

Abstract: Battelle Endowment for Technology and Human Affairs, OhioLINK, and the OSU Center for Survey Research.

Abstract: Business faculty members teaching at undergraduate campuses of the Pennsylvania State University were surveyed in order to assess their satisfaction with free Web sources and with subscription databases for their professional research. Although satisfaction with the Web's ease of use was higher than that for databases, overall satisfaction for professional research with databases was higher among those who use them than Web users' satisfaction with the Web. The findings also have implications for marketing and librarians training faculty in database use as well as having implications for reference and liaison work with business faculty members.

Abstract: Many instruction librarians teach students that the URL extension .gov is one sign of a reliable, authoritative Internet source. This is true in many cases, but there are other very important reasons that government information deserves a larger place in information literacy sessions. It offers a clear example of several concepts students must understand in order to judge the reliability of the information they find. Information from different administrations and different branches of government can be potent examples of how point of view, bias, and audience affect the content, structure, and tone of information sources. Furthermore, government sources can be used to evaluate secondary sources that cite them or analyze them.

Abstract: Presenting electronic resources to users through a federated search engine introduces unique opportunities and challenges to libraries. This article reports on the decision-making tools and processes used for selecting collections of electronic resources by a project team at the University of Arizona (UA) Libraries for the Association of Research Libraries' Scholar's Portal Project. A brief overview of the Scholar's Portal Project is provided, and the approach used at the UA Libraries to implement the federated search engine is detailed. This article also reports on the results of usability testing, interviews, and a user satisfaction survey used to determine the functionality of Scholar's Portal and the search results.

Abstract: The authors are conducting a three-part study to evaluate current trends in the preservation of digital content, with an emphasis on electronic records. The study emanated from the authors' work on the Preservation Task Force of the International Research on Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic Systems (InterPARES) project. This article incorporates the findings of both the survey and individual key-informant interviews that we conducted from August 2001 through February 2003, as round 2 of the study. Round 2 builds on the 2000-2001 round 1 survey that sought to identify and describe strategies for preserving electronic records. In this second round the authors found that progress has been made in some areas while it is still lags in others. 1 The full study consists of three phases: round 1 identified and surveyed 13 institutions, projects, and programs in North America, Australia, and Europe. Round 2 surveyed eight of the 13 institutions again to follow up on their progress. Additionally, we interviewed 18 key informants, including archivists and librarians. In round 3 the authors will each conduct one case study drawn from the survey participants in rounds 1 and 2. By the end of the three rounds, the authors will have studied a continuum of activities (over a six-year period) that constitutes a range of digital preservation strategies. The study will have charted the change in technological developments over this period— developments that have occurred in our survey institutions to meet the requirements of their mandates to preserve digital content for as long as needed.

Abstract: Using salary data from the ARL Annual Salary Survey, this paper analyzes 2003-2004 salary data for evidence of salary compression. It reviews the concept of salary compression to explain its relationship to market salary rates and salary dispersion within an organization. The analysis utilizes comparison ratios between salaries and years of service of the 16 formally defined ARL position classifications. For each position classification (i.e., reference librarian, cataloger, circulation department head, and so on) average salaries are analyzed at the entry level, mid-career, and senior level for evidence of salary compression. It finds evidence for salary compression for several ARL position classifications between the mid- and senior-career levels. It finds no evidence that entry-level salaries are causing compression among mid-career librarians. However, the comparison ratio technique used to investigate evidence of compression precludes drawing larger conclusions for the reasons such compression exists.

Abstract: Early in my career, a colleague for whom I have great respect said to me, “The great libraries of the future will be those with great staffs.” There was a rhetorical flourish in this statement intended to make a vital point. We could not simply rely on massive collections to provide information for the academy—it was necessary to pay attention to our human resources and, by extension, our organizations. By that time in the mid-1970s, the so-called “golden age of library collecting” was ending, and the “age of access” was beginning. This age of access has left us with diminished power to define our future—without significant support from allies outside our organizations.1 Libraries must be resilient organizations that have the strength to sustain themselves as partners in the learning and scholarly enterprises. Among other things, this means paying attention to the critical importance of the human side as an essential feature of coping with our challenges, as I have argued before.

Abstract: A focus group study conducted with health sciences students enrolled in graduate-level research classes at a small private comprehensive university revealed that these students preferred e-journals to print but that accessibility issues deterred their use. These findings provided valuable insights for local collection development decision-making and information literacy program development.

Abstract: Although many social sciences theories have been applied to the field of library and information science, one theory that has received relatively little attention is dramaturgy. The dramaturgical perspective posits that social life is inherently theatrical in nature. When applied to the academic library setting, both librarians and library users are seen as performers who play a variety of roles in front stage and backstage areas within the library. They strive to deliver convincing performances to their respective audiences by engaging in various forms of impression management. The application of dramaturgy to the academic library setting is critical for understanding the taken-for-granted nature of behavior in libraries. The dramaturgical perspective calls into question the common assumption that information seeking behavior is an exclusively logical, rational, instrumental process. Instead, it suggests that behavior in libraries is motivated, at least in part, by the attempt to maintain a favorable impression among those with whom performers interact.

Abstract: Archivists certainly take note of any new publication by Richard J. Cox, a prolific writer on archival topics who also serves as a professor in library and information science at the University of Pittsburgh, School of Information Sciences. His most recent volume, Archives & Archivists in the Information Age, examines the ever-changing role of the archivist and will likely draw wider readership across the information profession due to the currency of interest in how society is changing in the information age. Cox brings a wealth of experience as an archivist, archival consultant, and archival educator to a range of topics that will resonate with a number of audiences. Cox has extensively researched this topic and draws upon literature in a variety of disciplines. From a historical perspective, archivists will gain a sense of how their profession has changed through the years. Cox studies shifts in professional responsibilities and identity (or lack thereof) as revealed in position advertisements for entry-level archives and records management jobs and how the archival knowledge base has grown through an analysis of publication patterns from 1950–1999. Not only does Cox foster a greater knowledge of the profession’s roots but he also articulates a vision for the future in the age of information. He urges archivists and records managers to engage in more scholarship for public consumption, to find ways to measure success and remain relevant as their employers adopt new trends in management, and to examine the nature of records, documents, and information and the implications of the digital era for the profession. The volume’s initial chapter, “Why Organizations Need Archivists,” generally describes the basic responsibilities in archives and discusses the merits of various qualifications employers might consider in potential hires. Also included is a brief section on successfully preparing and distributing a job announcement. Those with responsibility for hiring, both in libraries and other organizational settings, can also benefit from the chapter on the historical development and evaluation of the merits of archival education programs and the certification examination as they consider the credentials of applicants for available positions. Cox also discusses organizational consulting, providing a general description of how a consultant can be useful in evaluating existing archives and records manage-

Abstract: With this volume, Upcraft, Gardner, and Barefoot have created a primer for those interested in moving forward with the first-year experience agenda, whether they are administrators, faculty, librarians, advisors, or other academic support personnel. It is written as a practical handbook with a real emphasis on action, and each contributing author includes a section of recommendations pertinent to his or her area of expertise. The theme of “challenge and support” unites the six sections of the book and is central to the 29 individually authored chapters with topics ranging from recruitment to student engagement, campus culture, classroom support, and assessment. Upcraft and Gardner wrote the seminal book on the first-year experience in 1989, Freshman Year Experience: Helping Students Survive and Succeed in College (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass). This new text is more than just an updated version of their vision for the first year; it is a comprehensive look at campus programs and services now in place for first-year students. The authors have assembled a collection of experts, including George Kuh from Indiana University, Bloomington, whose chapter on student engagement “offers suggestions for what schools can do to increase the odds that more of their students will survive and thrive in the critical first year of college” (p. 86), and William J. Zeller from University of California, Irvine, who writes about the importance of “learningcentered residential environments.” (p. 412) Jennifer L. Crissman Ishler in the opening chapter of the book, “Today’s First-Year Student,” dispels any preconceived notions about first-year students and addresses the wide diversity and changing nature of university populations. (p.15) Most chapters begin with an assessment of current issues and challenges and then move forward to a discussion of strategies that work and strategies worth attempting. It is this forward motion that makes the book valuable. An especially helpful example is the chapter by Upcraft, Ishler, and Randy L. Swing, “A Beginner’s Guide for Assessing the First College Year,” that includes a step-by-step program for assessing first-year programs and services. In “The Place of the Library Versus the Library as Place,” Margit Misangyi Watts describes the twenty-first century aca-

Abstract: course brings a number of challenges but that evaluating collaborative work can be even more difficult. Palloff and Pratt use the well-known work of Thomas A. Angelo and K. Patricia Cross in laying out methods for assessing students in the online environment. The activities described in the second portion of the book include role playing, simulations, case studies, dyads, small group projects, jigsaw activities, blogs, virtual teams, debates, fishbowls, learning cycles, and Webquests. Many of these techniques are familiar from use in face-to-face learning environments, but the clear descriptions and examples focusing on how the activities transfer into online environments will assist instructors seeking guidance in making online learning interactive and more meaningful. While the topics covered in this book have been discussed or covered in many other works treating online learning, having all these threads pulled together in a concise, reasonably priced volume may be valuable for many library collections.

Abstract: Colleges and universities are integrating information literacy into their undergraduate curricula. Accreditation commissions of higher education are integrating information literacy into their general education standards. Students enrolled in programs that promote information literacy are instructed to utilize library resources and services to complete assignments and papers. Students in these courses turn to the library's reference services to complete their academic work. In this study, the authors evaluated the increase in reference desk transactions at the University Library reference desk at the University at Albany. Additionally, they surveyed students enrolled in information literacy courses to measure patterns of reference activity.

Abstract: The Editorial Board is pleased to announce the first annual award for best article of the year appearing in the pages of portal:Libraries and the Academy and to express its appreciation to the Johns Hopkins Press for supporting the award. The inaugural recipient is “A Survey of Business Trends at BioOne Publishing Partners and its Implications for BioOne,” featured in the October 2004, Volume 4, Number 4 issue. The winning article was co-authored by Todd A. Carpenter, Heather Joseph and Mary Waltham and analyzed data on financial conditions for both profit and non-profit titles. The assessment provides precise impact on the effect of recent trends on publishers’ revenue streams and costs. The award is available at http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/portal_libraries_and_the_academy/awards.html. The criteria for the award selection process included: quality of research methodology, the extent to which the article places library issues in a broader academic or higher education context, the extent to which the article makes a significant contribution to the literature or the advancement of knowledge, timeliness and the overall quality of writing. A $500.00 cash prize accompanies the award.

Abstract: An increasing number of academic and research libraries have built high-density shelving facilities to address overcrowding conditions in their regular stacks. However, the work performed in these facilities is physically strenuous and highly repetitive in nature and may require the use of potentially dangerous equipment. This article will examine work safety issues in a high-density shelving facility. The information will assist administrators who want guidance in designing a safer working environment or who want to improve working conditions and practices in their existing facility.