TL;DR: Play, affiliative behaviors and some vocalizations appear to be the most promising convenient indicators for assessing positive experiences in laboratory and farm animals under commercial conditions.

TL;DR: Data from earlier research demonstrate that HRV is a promising approach for evaluating stress and emotional states in animals, and has the potential to contribute much to the understanding and assessment of the underlying neurophysiological processes of stress responses and different welfare states in farm animals.

TL;DR: This review attempts to establish the level of repeatability and validity found for fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, poultry and horses, and focuses on the three most common types of fear tests: the arena test, the novel object test, and the restraint test.

TL;DR: Large differences have been found across species, breeds and individuals, which reflect the contribution of genetic factors and environmental influences, especially during development, in HPA axis functioning.

TL;DR: Evidence suggesting that the appetitive anomalies associated with restrained eating are due to diet-induced challenges to the homeostatic system more likely stem from hedonic hunger is reviewed, and a recently-developed measure of individual differences in appetitive responsiveness to rewarding properties of the food environment is described.

TL;DR: The anxiolytic effect of nicotine on the novelty-elicited diving response and subsequent habituation in zebrafish suggested that this effect is no longer dependent on continuing activation of nicotinic receptors once invoked.

TL;DR: Key points for evaluating the choice of total and free cortisol in research as well as reviewing various options for measuring free cortisol are raised with special emphasis on their significance during pregnancy and the post-partum.

TL;DR: The nature and circumstances surrounding some of the problems surrounding saliva collection can be reviewed in the context of developmental science and then alternatives are presented that can be used by investigators to improve the next generation of studies.

TL;DR: Well-defined theoretical approaches and standard procedures are needed for tasks pinpointing higher cortical functions along with more information about time-dependent changes in the neural basis of task performance.

TL;DR: This procedure provides the first step in proof of concept that 'liking' and 'wanting' can be dissociated in humans and can be further developed for foods varying along different dimensions.

TL;DR: There are still unanswered questions about the sleep needs of athletes, the role of 'power naps' and the potential for exercise in improving the quality of sleep, and the effects on circadian rhythms are to be separated from the fatigue process.

TL;DR: This paper is aimed at a broader scientific discussion of animal welfare that includes knowledge from the latest scientific developments in neurobiology and behavioral physiology, and generates views that are extremely relevant for the animal welfare discussion.

TL;DR: The argument is developed that procuring and ingesting food is an evolutionarily conserved survival mechanism that occupies large parts of the brain's computing capacity including not only the hypothalamus but also a number of cortico-limbic structures.

TL;DR: The effect of training of WM is in several respects similar to the changes in the functional map observed in primate studies of skill learning, although the physiological effect in WM training is located in the prefrontal association cortex.

TL;DR: More research work is needed to separate the influences of light, posture and exercise per se on the haemodynamic responses to sleep and physical activity following sleep taken at night and during the day as a nap.

TL;DR: Exposure to chronic variable stress increased basal plasma corticosterone levels and that both, chronic restraint and variable stresses, promote higher cortic testosterone levels in response to a novel environment, but not to a challenge restraint stress, as compared to the control (non-stressed) group.

TL;DR: The results provide evidence that exogenous HPA stimulation does not increase eye temperature and the increases in eye temperature following catheterization however raise the possibility that a cognitive component may be required for an eye temperature response to occur.

TL;DR: The evidence suggests the existence of antagonistic A1-D1 heteromeric receptor complexes in the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex and especially in the direct striatonigral-striatoentopeduncular GABA pathways, which may offer novel treatments of Parkinson's disease and of schizophrenia and drug addiction.

TL;DR: The link between food consumption frequency, perceived stress and depression suggests that diet intervention may be considered a mediate strategy integrated in psychology prevention program among normal population of the college.

TL;DR: A modest weight gain over the first year at university is confirmed, which was associated with higher levels of perceived stress in women, but associations were stronger among women.

TL;DR: According to data from patients with lesions in the primary visual cortex, the amygdala can be activated in the absence of cortical processing, which is consistent with an evolutionary argument, focusing of the role of snakes as a predator on primates.

TL;DR: Interestingly, in a long-term memory recall test 6 weeks following previous maze exposure, these early stressed offspring now located the target significantly faster than controls suggesting gestational effects of stress on memory retention that were specific to prenatal time window of stress exposure.

TL;DR: The results indicate that sleep deprivation does not specifically increase impulsive behaviors but may differentially affect risk taking in men and women.

TL;DR: Findings provide consistent support for the link between cortisol and anxiety-related behavior in beef cattle, and the findings have theoretical and practical implications.

TL;DR: Comparisons of neurochemical and functional changes in the brain after addictive drugs and exercise with a focus on brain reward pathways and hippocampus are discussed.

TL;DR: Interestingly, chronic intracerebroventricular leptin infusion in ad libitum fed (AL) rats produced a sustained decrease in food intake and body weight that was accompanied by a reversible potentiation of rewarding and locomotor-activating effects of d-amphetamine, raising the interesting possibility that rapid progressive weight loss is sufficient to increase behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse.

TL;DR: This review summarises the major findings concerning prevention of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias from a population-based study, the Kungsholmen Project, and addresses risk- and protective factors for AD and dementia from a lifetime perspective.

TL;DR: The results suggest that kynurenic acid contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and link the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia together with the idea of a deficiency in glutamatergic function in this disease.

TL;DR: The results from both populations suggest that about two thirds of variation in food neophobia is genetically determined.