Abstract: A nursery is an area under supervision and designed to provide suitable conditions for juvenile cuttings until they are ready for main field transplantation. The main objective of all nurseries is to generate high quality saplings in sufficient numbers to satisfy the user needs. The present study was conducted to examine the economic viability of the nursery adopting both traditional and modern techniques like Mini clonal Technology of mulberry saplings generation. Analysis of various economic tools have shown that mulberry nurseries using mini clonal technology have an edge over traditional method of propagation. Economic tools used during study include net income and benefit cost ratio. The study showed that initial capital investment for mini clonal nurseries is high compared to traditional nurseries which can be recovered. The economic analysis revealed that entrepreneur involved in nursery business have obtained gross income of Rs.2,56,000/- using traditional technology and gross income of Rs.4,60,800/- using mini clonal technology. The net income of traditional nurseries and clonal nurseries are Rs.1,50,890/- and Rs.2,62,750/- (for first harvest) & Rs.3,18,270/- (from second harvest) respectively. The capital investment on clonal mulberry nurseries is highly viable due to high B:C ratio of 1:2.32 (for first harvest) & 1:3.23 (from second harvest) followed by traditional nurseries having B:C ratio of 1:2.43 is also considerably viable.

Abstract: Root knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp. causes severe yield losses in vegetable crops. Chitosan is one of the most abundant biopolymer available worldwide next to cellulose. It is known to have anti-nemic, anti-fungal and anti- bacterial properties. Application of chitosan induces systemic resistance in tomato plants against pathogens by increasing phenolic content and antioxidant enzymes viz., Polyphenol oxidase, Superoxide dismutase and phytoalexins. A study was conducted to study the phenol content and activity of antioxidant enzymes, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities in root knot nematode infected tomato plants treated with chiotsan nanoparticles. The antioxidant enzymatic activities were recorded after 25th day of nematode inoculation. It was observed that the phenolic content increased due to the application of chitosan nanoparticle in nematode infected plants (174.32 µg/g of root) compared to 160.37 µg/g of root in untreated plants. Similarly the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity also increased in chitosan nanoparticle treated nematode infected plants. The study revealed that chitosan nano particles protect plants from root knot nematode infection by increasing the phenol content, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity and induce systemic resistance against nemayodes.

Abstract: Bacteria in the human gut play a significant role in the host's metabolic functions. These bacteria's metabolites have an impact on the host's physiology and health. The gut flora is subjected to a multitude of environmental factors, including way of life, strain, antibiotics, host genetics, and diseases. When a disease pathogenesis occurs, the intestinal microbial composition changes which results in a diseased state. This stage is caused by bacterial pathogen colonization in the intestinal environment. Probiotic strains can be injected into the intestinal environment to treat the pathological condition. Medicinal compounds produced by probiotic strains include amino acids, vitamins, bacteriocins, enzymes, immunomodulatory compounds, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs). This review describes latest proofs of the effect of bioactive components produced by probiotic bacteria on food and host wellbeing while having no impact on good bacteria sharing the same niche.

Abstract: Greengram ( Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) 2n= 2x = 22 is cultivated on a large scale in several parts of the world which is the third most valuable pulse crop. Pulses are the primary resource of protein to meet up the nutritional requirement of the world. The most important objective in any crop improvement programme is to increase the seed yield through development of high yielding varieties with resistance to pest and diseases. Thus during the course of Rabi 2021- 2022, an experiment was put through to determine correlation and path analysis between yield and its components of Greengram. A total of 189 F 3 progenies derived from the cross VBN2 x V2802BG along with parents and checks were utilized for the study and observed for nine quantitative characters viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g) and seed yield per plant (g). The results illustrated that pods per plant (0.969), clusters per plant (0.828), plant height (0.570) witnessed positive correlation coefficient with seed yield per plant which is highly significant. Pods per plant followed by plant height expressed highest positive direct effect on seed yield which is disclosed by path coefficient analysis. Thus while designing a breeding strategy foremost significance has to be given to these attributes to enhance the seed yield in greengram.

Abstract: Ancient Indian study of plants, known as ‘Vrikshayurveda’, was meticulously organized into 325 Sanskrit slokas and published in a book of the same name by Surapala about 1000 years ago with number of recommendations for promoting plant development and warding off illness. “Kunapajala” is referred here as a plant nutrient solution. Kunapajala is a liquid ferment from animal wastes that contained animal flesh, dung, urine, bone marrow and skin. The fermented product contains essential components such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, keratins, macro and nearly all micronutrients in available form. Y.L. Nene formulated special Kunapajala of vegetable origin instead of raw meat as people showed reluctance towards using raw meat as 40% of the people do not eat meat. As organic farming and natural farming are the need of the hour with reduced usage of synthetic fertilizers, a study was formulated with vegetarian Kunapajala in rice to study its effect on pigments, soluble protein and plant height. Field experiment was conducted during summer 2021 at Wetland farm of TNAU Coimbatore in RBD with three replications and rice variety CO-51. The experiment had 10 treatments viz., T1 - Foliar spray of water, T2 - Foliar spray of water + cow urine (9:1), T3 - Foliar spray of Kunapajala 3%, T4 - Foliar spray of Kunapajala 3% in water + cow urine (9:1), T5 - Soil application of Kunapajala 10%, T6 - Foliar spray of water + Soil application of Kunapajala 10%, T7 - Foliar spray of Kunapajala 3% + Soil application of Kunapajala 10%, T8 - Foliar spray of water + cow urine (9:1) + Soil application of Kunapajala 10%, T9 - Foliar spray of Kunapajala 3% in water + cow urine (9:1) + Kunapajala 10% soil application, T10 - Control (no foliar spray and soil application). Observations were recorded for the parameters like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, soluble protein and plant height at 25, 40 and 55 DAT (10 days after each spraying). Growth parameters of rice like plant height, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and soluble protein were significantly influenced by foliar spray and soil application of Kunapajala along with foliar spray of cow urine. Among all the treatments, plots provided with foliar spray of Kunapajala 3 % in water + cow urine (9:1) + Kunapajala 10 % soil application (T9) produced plants with greater height (35.07, 55.07 and 81.25 cm), more content of chlorophyll a (2.25, 3.09 and 3.11 mg g⁻¹), chlorophyll b (2.04, 2.81 and 2.88 mg g⁻¹), total chlorophyll (4.28, 5.90 and 5.99 mg g⁻¹), carotenoids (3.61, 4.82 and 4.81 mg g⁻¹) and soluble protein (11.34, 15.09 and 18.75 mg g⁻¹) at 25,40 and 55 DAT i.e., ten days after every spray respectively and followed by Foliar spray (3 %) and soil application of Kunapajala (10 %) (T7) and Foliar spray of cow urine and soil application of Kunapajala (T8). Least amount of chlorophyll a (1.04, 1.16 and 1.76 mg g⁻¹), chlorophyll b (0.91, 1.18 and 1.27 mg g⁻¹), total chlorophyll (1.18, 2.82 and 3.03 mg g⁻¹), carotenoids (1.86, 2.76 and 3.11 mg g⁻¹) and soluble protein (10.6, 14.16 and 17.11 mg g⁻¹) with the smaller plant height (30.40, 50.17 and 74.53 cm) were seen in control plot (T10) no foliar spray and soil application.

Abstract: Vermicompost is a secondary product resulting from the degradation of agricultural wastes by earthworms. Under favourable conditions, earthworms ingested agricultural wastes and decrease the volume by 40-60%. Vermicompost is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, micronutrients, vitamins, growth hormones and enzymes such as protease, amylase, lipase, cellulase, chitinase, etc. Vermicomposting is a process, in which, earthworms are used to convert organic materials (usually organic wastes) into humus like material, which after incorporation improves physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, carbon to nitrogen ration and also acts as a soil conditioner. Since vermicompost is rich in macro- and micro-nutrients as well as in hormones, it increases the rate of seed germination and growth and development of seedlings.

Abstract: Chemical transformations that occur in the cells of living creatures are classified as metabolism, and these are required for the organism's survival. Metabolites are the end products of metabolic processes as well as intermediates generated during metabolic processes. There are two types of metabolites produce by plants, one is primary metabolites and other is secondary metabolites. A primary metabolite is one that has a direct role in proper growth, development, and reproduction. Plant secondary metabolites provide a variety of functions, including disease, insect, and herbivore defence, stress response, and modulating organism interactions.

Abstract: The review aims to discuss about the Finger millet which has numerous health promoting properties. Eleusine coracana is a major crop of Poaceae family and a great source of various types of macronutrients and micronutrients. The review has written by taking references from number of review and research articles. These articles have been collected from different databases. The nutrient content of finger millet makes it healthy and functional food and generally eaten as infant food, beverages, fermented foods, and bakery products. It is rich in protein, dietary fibre, amino acids, carbohydrate minerals, micro and macro nutrients etc. It can give several health and therapeutic advantages, such as diabetes prevention, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-diarrheal, and antioxidant capacity, phytochemical activity, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitory properties due to its high dietary nutritious content. In urban areas the consumption of finger millet is limited as compare to rural areas as it is dark brown in colour which is not drool worthy so the concept of processing of this particular crop came for a save. This review may be useful for the further study and evaluation of nutrient contents health benefits; also, the processing and application of the Finger millet.

Abstract: Raw mango powder was prepared by subjecting raw mango slices to different pre-treatments like blanching in hot water at 90 °C for 1 minute, dipping in salt solution (1%) for 10 minutes and blending with glycerol monostearate (1%, 2% and 3%) to prepare foam. After pre-treatments of slices, they were dried at 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C, powdered, packed in LDPE bags and stored under ambient conditions followed by analysis at a regular interval of 30 days up to three months to assess the changes during storage. With storage, moisture, reducing sugar and total sugar content increased, whereas ash, fiber and ascorbic acid content of the powder decreased. On the basis of sensory evaluation treatment T 5 was adjusted the best, having the highest score for colour (8.77), texture (8.15) and overall acceptability (8.46). No microbial spoilage was detected up to 90 days of storage.

Abstract: Study on production of briquettes from two invasive forest weeds, i.e., Lantana camara and Prosopis juliflora was carried out. The experiments were carried out using a 70 mm industrial briquetting unit. The optimum moisture content for briquetting was found around 10–12%. Lantana camara and Prosopis juliflora biomass briquettes were found to have high density (1.1 g cm-3). In this study, fuel properties (proximate and ultimate analysis), combustion characteristics and ash elemental composition of Lantana camara and Prosopis juliflora biomass were investigated. Both the species are found to have less ash content. The emphasis was given to these species because of the huge biomass they produce. These species are widely present in different agro-climatic zones of India and can play a major role in future bioenergy schemes.

Abstract: The recent advances in the various spheres of bioscience viz., seri-biotechnology, bio-nanotechnology, crop protection, etc., have revolutionized research in sericultural science at the world level. However, India is yet to reap the benefits of seri-bioscience to bring out products in the form of technology as the same is still in infant stage in spite of making sincere but compartmentalized attempts. In view of this status, we have to consolidate our focus on developing technologies targeted at improvement of silkworm and host plants. Significant seasonal variations occur in the nutritional value and composition of host plant depending on factors such as weather, pests and diseases and agricultural practices which in turn have a great impact on growth and development of silkworm. Lower animals do not have well developed humoral immunity and under such circumstances vaccine development may not be of much use and in these lower animals and factors that achieve immune-stimulation could be very useful for disease resistance. Promoting the establishment of silkworm models in scientific studies will provide new solutions and new insights into traditional views of problem-solving and greatly benefit science as well as the society. The present article is an overview on the status of work conducted on seri-bioscience, future approaches and the road ahead.

Abstract: India is one of the largest producers of cotton in the world, but the productivity of cotton is comparatively low. One of the major factors limiting the productivity in cotton is pest infestation. Earlier cotton production was inhibited by the boll worms which is now coped up with Bt cotton but sucking pest infestation is still a prime concern. This study was conducted in the F2 population of four upland crosses- TVH002 x RAHC1039, TCH1894 x NDLH32, CO17 x KC2 and TVH002 x KC3, which were evaluated for the inheritance pattern of jassid tolerance. Three of the four crosses segregated in 3:1ratio (Resistant, susceptible) and the fourth cross segregated in 13:3 ratio (Resistant, susceptible), showing digenic interaction. Further molecular investigation is essential to confirm this pattern of inheritance and progress the work in this direction.

Abstract: Study on identifying the suitability of different growing media for seedling establishment and elite seedling production in Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) cv. Chandragiri was conducted with an objective to evaluate the suitability of different growing media for raising the seedlings and to find out most suitable media for better rooting and growth of coffee seedlings. Coffee seedlings were grown in different media for a period of 6 months in nursery. It was revealed from the study that, the growth and vigour of coffee seedling was greatly influenced by different growing media used. Coffee seedlings grown in growing media containing Soil + Sand + Vermicompost (6:2:1) recorded maximum germination (64%), seedling vigour (2125), seedling height (51.7 cm), number of leaves (8.3), leaf area index (71.17 cm2), diameter of stem (2.18 cm), seedling fresh weight (16.79 g) and higher seedling dry weight (3.09 g) when compared with control and other treatments.

Abstract: The present investigation for studying correlations and path analysis estimates for grain yield and yield contributing characters in maize was carried out at Maize Research Centre and Seed Farm, Devihosur and analysis was carried out for eleven characters. Days to 50 per cent tasseling was significantly and positively correlated with days to 50 per cent silking and negatively correlated with plant height, ear height, cob length, shelling percentage, hundred grain weight and grain yield. Days to 50 per cent silking was significant and negatively correlated with plant height, ear height, shelling percentage and grain yield. Hundred grain weight exhibited significant positive association with plant height, ear height, cob length, cob girth, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row and grain yield. The character grain yield showed significant and negative correlation with days to 50 per cent tasseling, days to 50 per cent silking and positive correlation with plant height, ear height, cob length, cob girth, number of kernel rows per cob, number of kernels per row and hundred grain weight. Path analysis revealed that direct positive effects were shown by number of kernels per ear followed by cob length, days to fifty per cent tasseling, ear height and cob girth. Negative direct effects were shown by days to fifty per cent silking, days to 75 per cent dry husk, plant height, number of kernels per row and shelling percentage.

Abstract: The present investigation was carried out with an objective of assessing the response of four selected groundnut genotypes viz., Smruti, Devi, ICGV 7220 and ICGV 2266 to doses of mutagenic treatments. Mutagenic concentrations of 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% of EMS and sodium azide were taken respectively. The frequency, effectiveness and relative efficiency of mutagenic treatments in M1 generation were calculated based on the seedling characters. The genotypes showed varied response to different concentrations of the two mutagens. SA produced a greater number of mutants with increase in concentration. Smruti showed reduced mean seedling height. Genotype vigour index was high for ICGV 7220. Efficiency of mutagen varied according to genotype. Effectiveness ranged from 1.975 (V3E2) to 8.148 (V1N1). Mutation rate (in terms of efficiency and effectiveness) was highest in SA treated Smruti (7.099) M1 generation compared to EMS (3.447).

Abstract: Beekeeping in Himachal Pradesh is very primitive. Indigenous beekeeping with Apis cerana is an integral part of the social and cultural heritage of rural and tribal communities. Comparative morphological studies have revealed that Himachali bees are smaller than Kashmiri bees. Beekeeping with Apis mellifera is migratory and it helps in increasing the honey production through exploitation of different bee flora thereby providing opportunity for overcoming unfavorable climatic conditions as well as attack of local bee enemies. Comparative studies have revealed that A. mellifera bees were very prone to stinging and were easily distributed as compared to A. cerana which were less excitable and could be safely handled. Major bee enemies of the state include Thai sac brood, Nosema, Europeon Foul Brood, ectoparasitic mites, Wasps, birds and bear. Plectranthus is one of the major honey flow flora for the winter months in Himachal Pradesh.

Abstract: Among the eight tested biopesticides, SlNPV 250 LE, B. bassiana 1% WP and aqueous bidi tobacco dust extract 2% found most effective and recorded minimum larval population of S. litura as well as per cent damaged groundnut plant. While, treatments of neem oil 1%, Btk 1% WP and M. anisopliae 1% WP were found moderately effective in reducing larval population and per cent damaged plant. Whereas, the treatments of azadirachtin 10000 ppm and N. rileyi 1% WP. Efficacy of biopesticides as reduction in S. litura population was SlNPV 250 LE > B. bassiana 1% WP > aqueous bidi tobacco dust extract 2% > neem oil 1% > Btk 1% WP > M. anisopliae 1% WP > azadirachtin 10000 ppm > N. rileyi 1% WP. bidi tobacco dust extract, neem oil, M. anisopliae and N. rileyi

Abstract: The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the popular perennial fruit tree grown around the world, particularly in West Asia and North Africa. Its fruit (date) is popular all throughout the world. The tree is well-known for its beneficial health benefits and is regarded as a high-value commercial fruit crop in the worldwide market. Dates are a high-quality, low-cost source of macro- and micronutrients. Date fruits are mostly composed of carbohydrates, including soluble sugars and dietary fibre, with modest quantities of fats and proteins. Dates also poses antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-microbial, hepato-protective, gastro-protective, anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulatory and anti-cancererous properties. Despite the lack of commercialization of many varieties, date palm fruits are important marketable crops. An explosion of interest in the numerous health benefits of dates in recent years has resulted in numerous in vitro and animal studies, as well as the identification and quantification of various classes of phytochemicals. Food scientists and the food industry have created a vast variety of food products made from dates, including paste, syrup, juice, sugar, jam, jelly, butter, chocolates, condiments, pickled dates, oils, coffee etc. This review includes updated information concerning the composition of several varieties of dates, as well as the possible health advantages of Phoenix dactylifera and processed items made from date fruit.

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to study the comparative performance of zinc in biofortified rice and their effect on yield attributes, yield and zinc concentration of rice at BAU farm, Sabour in Randomized Block Design replicated thrice during Kharif season of 2021-22. The variety used was Sabour Aaayush. The soil of the experimental plot was silt loam having pH 7.7, organic carbon 0.53%, Low in available Nitrogen (159.88 kg/ha), Phosphorus (26.94 kg P 2 O 5 /ha), Potassium (196.69 kg K 2 O/ha) and initial soil Zn-1.0 mg/kg of soil. The recommended dose of fertilizers i.e. 100-40-20 kg N- P 2 O 5 - K 2 O/ha was applied. In addition to these fertilizers 25 kg zinc sulphate was applied as basal and 0.5% zinc sulphate used as foliar spray at pre flowering and milking stage of rice. The experimental results revealed that RDF (100:40:20)+25 kg/ha zinc sulphate as basal+0.5% zinc sulphate spray as foliar application at pre flowering and milking stage was the best treatment and recorded significantly better values for yield attributes (74.74 grains per panicles,270.33 panicles per m 2 , 30.18 g test weight),higher grain yield (4.96 t/ha) and higher concentration (30.9 and 91.8 mg kg -1 grain and straw respectively) and uptake of Zn in grain (153.3 g ha -1 ) and in straw (455.2 g ha -1 ) of bio fortified rice than soil application alone and single spray of Zn and most other treatments. This study brought out that adequate soil application of Zn sulphate followed by its two foliar applications is the best approach.

Abstract: India is a developing country where wheat and rice are essential foods that offer calories and protein to a substantial population. Throughout history, grain has been a significant contribution to human nourishment. The majority of people are currently employed and have busy lives. As a result, they seek out convenient and time-saving products. Instant food is in high demand these days. Bread spread is an immediate meal item that fits people’s busy lifestyles and is a simple way to provide nutrition. In this, various spread like peanut butter, Butter diary fat spread, Moringa leaves based spread, Jackfruit seed-based spread and the like. This paper analyses various such spreads for their nutritional benefits and easy usage.

Abstract: The present investigation consisting a set in a fashion of line x tester cross combinations were carried out to investigate the inter characters relationship for fifteen characters in In Rice (Oryza staiva L.). The experiments were conducted during Kharif, 2019-2020at Students Instructional Farm of Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya-224229 (U.P.) days to 50% flowering, day to maturity, plant hright (cm), productive tillers per plant, chlorophyll content, panicle length, flag leaf area (cm), number of spikelets per panicle, spikelets fertility, grains size (L:B ratio), 1000-grain weight (g), biological yield per plant (g), harvest-index (%), protein content and grain yield per plant (g), were studied in the LxT experiment. In this study, grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive association at phenotypic level with harvest index, followed by panicle length and other traits at genotypic and phenotypic correlation analysis. Character harvest index has highest direct effect on seed yield followed by biological yield per plant and some other traits at both genotypic and phenotypic path analysis. Resultant direct selection for these traits would be effective for further yield improvement in given genotype of rice.

Abstract: Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, is significant havoc to the citrus cultivation that influences citrus industry decline in India and elsewhere. HLB is a systemic, fastidious, phloem inhabited alpha-proteobacterial disease caused by ‘ Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ ( C Las). Currently, there is no established cure for this emerging but century-old disease. The present study discussed change in cycle threshold (Ct) values of C Las bacterium using qPCR diagnostic method upon applying antibiotics and micronutrients to HLB infected sweet orange cv. Sathgudi plants. Five antibiotics and three micronutrients were selected and applied as a foliar spray in 3 different spraying periods. Results demonstrated that ampicillin sodium (Ct=25.41) and rifampicin (Ct=23.62) showed a significant effect on the suppression of bacterial titre compared to other selected antibiotics at 90 days after the first spray. However, there was no significant effect on the bacterial population regarding its titre and symptom expression when any of the selected micronutrients were applied in any of the spraying periods. Hence, the reported antibiotics could help in the management of an infected HLB citrus orchard at the expense of minimizing total yield loss when they are judiciously used.

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season 2021 at the experimental field of the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India which is located at 250 30’ 42’’N latitude, 810 60’ 56” E longitude, and a height of 98 metres above sea level. The soil of the experimental field in Sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (PH 7.1), low in organic carbon (0.36%) available N (171.48 kg/ha), available P (27.0 kg/ha) and K (291.2 kg/ha). The Experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with Nine treatments replicated thrice based on one year of experimentation. To determine the “Effect of Nitrogen and Iron on Yield attributes and economics of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”. The treatments consisted of three levels of Nitrogen – 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha and three levels of Iron – 2.5,5, 7.5 kg/ha. The results revealed that treatment with application of Nitrogen at 25 kg/ha + Iron at 7.5 kg/ha recorded significantly highest number of pods per plant (61.2), seeds per pod (3.5), seed index (26.00 g), seed yield (1919.1 kg/ha) and Haulm yield (3186.6 kg/ha), Maximum Gross return (INR 1, 01, 712.30/ha), Net return (INR 69,305.56/ha) and Benefit cost ratio (2.13).

Abstract: Insects, which are a traditional food in many regions of the world, are highly nutritious and, in particular, a potential source of protein. In the north-eastern parts of India, edible insects are the natural renewable source that plays a vital role in the nutritional system of different ethnic groups. Entomophagy is widely practiced in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Nagaland. Various tribes of a state prefer various species of edible insects. Diverse Indian tribes consume approximately 255 insect species of insects as sustenance. The consumption of coleopteran species was the highest, accounting for approximately 34% of all edible insect species, followed by Orthoptera (24%), Hemiptera (17%), Hymenoptera (10%), Odonata (8%), Lepidoptera (4%), Isoptera (2%), and Ephimeroptera (1%). Members of different communities consume edible insects as per their traditional beliefs, and tastes, along with regional and seasonal availability. Therefore, studying the edible and therapeutically important insect species can have economic implications, allowing countries like India to explore approaches to sustainably utilize this enormous natural resource.

Abstract: Six sowing periods during summer (4 th week of February, 1 st week of March, 2 nd week of March, 3 rd week of March, 4 th week of March and 1 st week of April) was evaluated for its impact on incidence of stem fly, Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner) infesting black gram at Entomology Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The black gram crop sown during 1 st and 2 nd week of March exhibited low larval (0.22 and 0.26 /plant), pupal (0.22 and 0.27 /plant) counts of the pest as well as less infestation (28.38 and 29.73%, respectively) and tunnelling (8.92 and 9.45%, respectively) than rest of the sowing periods during summer season. Maximum seed yield was recorded in the crop sown during 2 nd week of March (597 kg/ha) followed by 1 st week of March (564 kg/ha).

Abstract: Background: Traditional methods of potato planting on the field is labor intensive, time consuming and produce low yields of potato per hectare. Agriculture mechanization plays very important role for horticulture crops. To reduce the labour scarcity, labour drudgery, time consumption in manual planting of potatoes in local areas of different villages, a prototype was designed, fabricated and evaluated in the field. The present study was carried out at Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.).Methods: The potato tubers taken were divided into three categories i.e., round, oblong and long-oblong and their physical and mechanical properties were required for designing different units of planter, they were found out.Result: The model of all components of potato planter were designed by solid work software and fabricated. Developed potato planter consists of seed metering device, seed tube, seed tuber covering duct, fertilizer tube, furrow openers, power transmission wheel, seed and fertilizer hopper. Capacity of seed and fertilizer hopper was kept at 55 kg and 15 kg respectively.

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Wetland farm, Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during summer 2022 to study the effect of growth and yield parameters of greengram under different irrigation methods. The field experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design having seven treatments and replicated thrice. The treatment are T 1 : Check basin method (Line sowing), T 2 : Check basin method (Broadcasting), T 3 : Raised bed method (Line sowing), T 4 : Ridges and furrow method (Line sowing), T 5 : Drip irrigation system (Line sowing), T 6 : Drip irrigation system (Broadcasting) and T 7 : Sprinkler irrigation system (Line sowing). Experimental results showed that significantly higher plant height, number of branches plant -1 , number of pods plant -1 , pod weight plant -1 , number of seeds plant -1 , seed yield and haulm yield were recorded in drip irrigation system (Line sowing) in greengram which was on par with sprinkler irrigation system (Line sowing). Drip and sprinkler irrigation systems recorded the higher seed yield (42.1% and 36.1%, respectively) over check basin method (Broadcasting). This study revealed that the drip and sprinkler irrigation methods along with line sowing resulted better growth and yield parameters of summer greengram and enhanced its production.

Abstract: Spices and Herbs have created a lot of awareness in today's culture, leading people to turn to nature for safer herbal remedies due to their various well-proven therapeutic benefits and absence of adverse effects. Furthermore, herbs are also well-known for their capacity to serve as natural preservatives, antioxidants, and flavor enhancers. Spices and Herbs include not just herbaceous plants, but also the bark, roots, leaves, seeds, flowers, and fruit of trees, shrubs, and woody vines, and have been used for millennia as both food and medicine. Spices and Herbs have been used as an extract, juices, or in dried forms in various Indian dairy products which have resulted in the enhancement of flavor, appearance, quality and overall health benefits. This review paper summarizes the effects of numerous Spices and Herbs used in sandesh, lassi, paneer, ghee and Ice cream.

Abstract: Climate has a direct influence on crop development and the final yield. In this article, a generic agro climatic yield prediction model for grape is developed and analytically solved. This model is useful for research scholars, faculty members and academicians in the area of mathematical biology. The asymptotic analysis is carried out to obtain the final form of the yield prediction model. In the process of model development, climate, disease and grape yield are considered as dependent parameter. Infection rate, disease incidence, seasonality rate and removal rate of grape yield per harvest time are considered as independent parameters. Further, the model is studied and the parameters estimation from the field level data during the period 2015-2021 from GRS and Theni surrounding villages. The effects of various parameters on concentration curves are discussed. Stability Analysis of this model is also explained. The obtained analytical solution in comparison with the numerical and stability analysis is found to be in satisfactory agreement. In addition, the basic reproduction number for this model is obtained. This model helps to predict the future calculations of infected and recovered yield for grape from the reproduction number R0. The model permits to highlight crucial mechanisms to undergo and evaluate the consequences of different agricultural practices on the quantity and quality of the yield.