Abstract: Abstract The article presents the results of research on the total reaction time of drivers in real traffic conditions. The tested driver had to react to a complex signal by performing a braking manoeuvre. The measurements were based on the author’s method combining the measurements of reaction time during the actual driving with their computer analysis. The research group consisted of 15 drivers with different seniority of driving licences. The study measured the time of perception and the time of leg transfer from the accelerator pedal to the brake pedal. The results were subjected to analysis and on its basis conclusions were formulated.

Abstract: Abstract This study reports the efficient use of a direct laser modulated response measured with the return-to-zero coding scheme in optical transmission systems. The measured direct laser modulated response has a bit rate of 1.2 Gbps for an optical fiber cable of a transmission length of 10 km. The eye diagram analyzer is used to calculate the maximum quality factor and minimum bit error rate of the proposed model. The maximum quality factor is 531.2, and the minimum bit error rate tends to zero for the same optical fiber channel length compared with that of the previous model. The proposed model provides better results than the previous model. The figures of the proposed model are more stable than those of its previous counterpart. Bit error rate approximately tends to zero in the proposed model.

Abstract: Abstract Digital Twin (DT) technology is an essential technology related to the Industry 4.0. In engineering education, it is important that the curricula are kept up-to-date. By adopting new digital technologies, such as DT, we can provide new knowledge for students, teachers, and companies. The main aim of this research was to create a course concept to research benefits and barriers of DT technology in engineering education. The research confirmed earlier findings concerning digitalization in engineering education. DT technology can increase motivation for studying and improve learning when applied correctly.

Abstract: Abstract Nozzle hole diameter of 3D printer (3DP) can be varied to obtain required product quality as well as to reduce manufacturing times. The use of larger diameter may accelerate manufacturing times of products, yet the product quality, including the mechanical properties, still needs to be investigated profoundly. The purpose of this work is to investigate experimentally the effect of nozzle hole diameter of 3DP to the surface quality, accuracy, and the strength of the product. The specimens were manufactured by fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing using polylactic acid (PLA) as the filaments.Bed temperature, extruder temperature and printing speed were set to be 60∘C, 200∘C and 80 mm/s respectively. The thickness of each layer was set at the ratio of 20% to the nozzle hole diameter. Infill pattern was determined by using line type of 100%. Nozzle hole diameter of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6mmwas compared in thiswork. The results show that bigger nozzle hole diameter enhanced the density and tensile strength of the products thought it was not linearly correlation.

Abstract: Abstract This study presents a detailed feasibility analysis of technical and financial assessment for grid-connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) configurations by including grid-only, HRES-only and grid-HRES at four different provinces in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), namely; (Al Baha University, University of Jeddah, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, and Tabuk University). The objective of this paper is to search the possibility of supplying the load demand with the optimum system that has the lowest net present cost (NPC) and greenhouse emission CO2. The simulation results show that NPC of a proposed grid/PV system, at the current grid’s tariff, is more sufficient than other configurations with a result in a renewable fraction of more than 50%, a payback time of 17 years, and 54.3% reduction in CO2. The results also show that the integration of 62 kW PV array with the main grid is the best configuration that leads to the minimum cost of energy (COE) of 0.0688 $/kWh and the sell back energy of 9.16% of total energy consumption at Al Baha University. Besides, optimization modeling addresses that HRES-only system can supply the full load demand without power shortage (<0.1%) with a major contribution from solar PV by 78.5%, wind energy shares 11.3% of load demand, and 10.2% from battery banks. The developed analysis concludes that the objective function is feasible for the selected locations. The study has three novelties. Firstly, the required load at different locations of the university’s buildings at KSA is supplied by minimizing COE. The objective function is achieved by considering a combination of HRES. Then, it applies the sensitivity analysis for several cases such as payback time, gird’s tariff variation, and load demand change. Finally, the current analyses are applicable to any university at KSA and around the world.

Abstract: Abstract Currently we are saying that we are at the dawn of the fourth revolution, which is marked by using cyberphysical systems and the Internet of Things. This is marked as Industry 4.0 (I4.0). With Industry 4.0 is also closely linked concept Logistics 4.0. The highly dynamic and uncertain logistic markets and huge logistic networks require new methods, products and services. The concept of the Internet of Things and Services (IoT&S), Big Data/ Data Mining (DM), cloud computing, 3D printing, Blockchain and cyber physical system (CPS) etc. seem to be the probable technical solution for that. However, associated risks hamper its implementation and lack a comprehensive overview. In response, the paper proposes a framework of risks in the context of Logistics 4.0. They are here economic risks, that are associated e.g. with high or false investments. From a social perspective, risks the job losses, are considered too. Additionally, risks can be associated with technical risks, e.g. technical integration, information technology (IT)-related risks such as data security, and legal and political risks, such as for instance unsolved legal clarity in terms of data possession. It is therefore necessary to know the potential risks in the implementation process.

Abstract: Abstract Analysing the Output Power of a Solar Photo-voltaic System at the design stage and at the same time predicting the performance of solar PV System under different weather condition is a primary work i.e. to be carried out before any installation. Due to large penetration of solar Photovoltaic system into the traditional grid and increase in the construction of smart grid, now it is required to inject a very clean and economic power into the grid so that grid disturbance can be avoided. The level of solar Power that can be generated by a solar photovoltaic system depends upon the environment in which it is operated and two other important factor like the amount of solar insolation and temperature. As these two factors are intermittent in nature hence forecasting the output of solar photovoltaic system is the most difficult work. In this paper a comparative analysis of different solar photovoltaic forecasting method were presented. A MATLAB Simulink model based on Real time data which were collected from Odisha (20.9517∘N, 85.0985∘E), India. were used in the model for forecasting performance of solar photovoltaic system.

Abstract: Abstract The influence of the cargo weight loaded on the vehicle and the total gross mass of the vehicle on the braking characteristics is often researched from the road safety reason. However, there is not enough knowledge about the influence of weight and load distribution on the loading area of small trucks or vans on their braking characteristics. This article presents the results of measurements of braking decelerations of the van of N1 category and the braking characteristics of a vehicle loaded with different cargo mass with different cargo locations on the loading area. The impact of the longitudinal cargo position on the loading area on the load of the individual axles and thus on the braking deceleration of the vehicle was investigated. The influence of the height of the center of gravity on the dynamic axle load during braking was also determined. Method of direct vehicle deceleration measurement was used by a decelerometer. There were calculated cargo weight and cargo position influences on the dynamic axle load during braking according to the vehicle deceleration.

Abstract: Abstract Transport companies operate in a dynamically developing and competitive market. Maintaining the already held position and further expansion requires adjusting the level of services provided to the needs and requirements of customers, as well as continuous surveying, monitoring and adjusting the implemented strategy. There are different methods for such an analysis. This article proposes logistic regression. The research was conducted on the basis of a distribution and trade company dealing with the supply of automotive spare parts. As the most profitable group of customers are local car repair shops, it was this group that was subject to analysis. The quality of service assessment was considered from the point of view of delivery time. The dichotomous form of the predictor taking two values - late and on-time delivery - was determined. From among the possible ones, regressors whose influence was statistically significant and whose modification was possible were selected. The research showed which of them (and how strongly) affect the dependent variable, which allowed for modification of strategy and implementation of new solutions increasing the number of satisfied customers.

Abstract: V poslednich desetiletich je kontinualně řesena problematika udržitelne city logistiky. Podniky zabezpecujici městskou hromadnou dopravu mohou významně přispět ke konceptu udržitelne city logistiky. Vnimani a spokojenost zakazniků se službami podniků zabezpecujicich městskou hromadnou dopravu může být spojeno se zvýseným využivanim jejich služeb. Upřednostňovani městske hromadne dopravy snižuje využivani individualni automobilove dopravy, ktera je spojena s environmentalnim piliřem udržitelnosti. Pro zakazniky je uroveň poskytovaných služeb velmi důležita. Clanek je zaměřen na vyhodnoceni výsledků primarniho výzkumu týkajiciho se kvality služeb, ktere poskytuji podniky zabezpecujici městskou hromadnou dopravu v Hradecko-pardubicke aglomeraci. Cil spociva v identifikaci mezer v poskytovane kvalitě služeb. Metoda použita v tomto clanku je reprezentativni primarni výzkum. Primarni výzkum byl proveden formou strukturovaných osobnich rozhovorů s reprezentativnim vzorkem respondentů. K vyhodnoceni dat byly použity vybrane statisticke metody. Výsledky jsou diskutovany v kontextu publikovaných výzkumných studii. Výzkum v tomto clanku prokazal, že respondenti jsou spokojeni s kvalitou služeb poskytovaných podniky zabezpecujicimi městskou hromadnou dopravu, ale vnimani jednotlivých faktorů kvality služeb se u jednotlivých skupin uživatelů lisi. Výzkum take potvrzuje odlisne vnimani zakaznickeho servisu a komfortu u různých věkových skupin respondentů. Tento clanek naznacuje, že podniky zabezpecujici městskou hromadnou dopravu by měly věnovat větsi pozornost stanovovani cen jizdneho pro různe skupiny cestujicich.

Abstract: Abstract An alignment between technology and teachers is required to attain a successful integration of technology in the learning process. This alignment should be started at the teacher training program. This article outlines how the literature points toward Project-Based Learning (PBL) with technology integration in pre-service teacher education. The literature review focuses on describing how technology integrated with project-based learning along with the investigation of what influencing the successfulness on PBL’s implementation by integration of technology. The five steps on Systematic literature reviews (SLR) are chosen as a systematic approach for reviewing the literature. Based on the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 technology integration in PBL studies published between January 2015 and July 2019 was remained and selected to be investigated further. Analysis of the selected studies revealed that the most popular technology integrated with PBL was social media, following by a learning management system. The teacher’s ability to give guidance during the learning process is the most influential factor for the success of technology integration in PBL.

Abstract: Simulacni modelovani je jednou z možnosti, jak lze urcovat kapacitu železnicnich trati. Pro simulaci je použivan specializovaný softwarový nastroj - OpenTrack. Pomoci tohoto nastroje lze sestavit podrobný model dopravni sitě, vcetně vsech jejich podstatných charakteristik. Během simulace je pak sledovan provoz a chovani vlaků s předem definovanými parametry na modelovane železnicni trati. OpenTrack umožňuje sledovat řadu parametrů, jako jsou: zpožděni vlaků, vzajemne konflikty mezi vlaky, plynulost jizdy vlaků, ale napřiklad i energetickou narocnost jizdy vlaku. Analýzou ziskaných dat je potom možne urcit kriticka mista na infrastruktuře, připadne nedostatky v technologii, ale take je možne prověřit výhledový a maximalni rozsah dopravy na sledovane železnicni trati. V prvni fazi prace se SW OpenTrack byl sestaven simulacni model, který neni obrazem žadne skutecne železnicni infrastruktury, ale jsou v něm použity parametry typicke pro železnicni tratě v podminkach Ceske republiky, jako jsou konfigurace zhlavi, delky stanicnich koleji, velikosti prostorových oddilů, atp. Na tomto modelu jsou prezentovany možnosti simulacniho modelovani železnicniho provozu jako nastroje pro urcovani kapacity železnicnich trati.

Abstract: Abstract The steady increase in the number of road users and their growing mobility mean that the issue of road safety is still a topical one. Analyses of factors influencing the number of road traffic accidents contribute to the improvement of road safety. Because changes in traffic volume follow a daily rhythm, hour of the day is an important factor affecting the number of crashes. The present article identifies selected mathematical models which can be used to describe the number of road traffic accidents as a function of the time of their occurrence during the day. The study of the seasonality of the number of accidents in particular hours was assessed. The distributions of the number of accidents in each hour were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. Multidimensional scaling was used to present the found similarities and differences. Similar hours were grouped into clusters, which were used in further analysis to construct the ARMAXmodel and the Holt-Winters model. Finally, the predictive capabilities of each model were assessed.

Abstract: Abstract Traffic modelling and simulation is one of the frequent tools used in road infrastructure design. Software tools designed for traffic simulations are an important supportive tool in decision-making and in choosing the optimal solution. The aim of this paper is to introduce the application of the VISSIM program, in the design and testing a model of the traffic-light-controlled intersection. The traffic on the selected congested intersection is modelled and simulated first for the current state, then for two models with modifications that are to increase the throughput of the intersection. The monitored criterion of the intersection throughput is the length of queues. Both adjustments have led to a significant reduction of the number of vehicles waiting in direction of the greatest congestions. In the first model, the average line length was reduced by 75%, and in the second model, the modifications lead to a fluent passage of right-turn vehicles and a significant reduction in vehicle lines for other directions.

Abstract: Abstract Nowadays, virtual reality enters engineering work. It is widely used in various sectors. It brings new possibilities that result is increasing of productivity and reliability of production, quality of products and processes. One of the areas where virtual reality has been used more and more is logistics. Virtual reality and especially augmented reality offer above all in the area of logistics a perspective related with increasing of effectiveness of processes.Wide possibilities for virtual reality use in logistics can be found in the automotive industry. The paper describes an application of the method of video-mapping in storage logistics. The paper also describes its practical use as a tool for increasing the efficiency of logistics processes, which was presented by a reduction of the processing time of the shipment picking by 10%. The paper also points out the possibilities for applying this method in other industrial areas, it is possible to use the experience gained in automotive and described in this paper.

Abstract: Abstract Aim of the study is to implement Geomatics learning innovations by applying the scaffolding Problem-Based Learning integrated model to improve the student’s Vocational HOTS. The method applied was qualitative with the participation of 2 groups of students practicing consisting of 4 people each. The level of cognitive mastery was measured with the Bloom taxonomy (C1-C6). The results of the investigation showed that the integrated model effectively formed students’ Vocational HOT Skill as a group in 3 stages. The first stage of learning focused on mastering the operation of equipment needed in practice (C2-C3 and partly C4). In the second stage, the students have mastered most of the cognitive analysis and accuracy of practical data (C4-C5) and in the third stage, they made practiced steps more effectively and successfully correlated to the Indonesian National Standards (SNI) level (C6) at the moderately accurate. The application of the Scaffolding Problem-Based Learning model has a positive impact that students get21st-century learning with the main characteristics (4C), consisting: Communication, Collaboration, (Critical thinking, and problem-solving), and Creative thinking. Learning outcomes enriched with higher-order thinking skills can be seen when students take advanced Geomatics material, They already work with groups to map the area more independently

Abstract: Abstract The article presents the simulation model and simulation experiments aimed at the rationalisation of bottle necks in operations in terms of the capacity utilisation of the material handling equipment, in particular, six conveyance lines. The models and experiments were designed in the Tecnomatix simulation environment which facilitates the modelling of even more complex systems. The simulation model visualises the material flow within the production process comprising individual technological operations and workplaces. The model was used to perform simulation experiments with adjusted production times and added or removed workplaces. The presented article also contains the graphs of the utilised capacity of the machinery and operators. The obtained experimental results suggesting the partial or complete elimination of the accumulation of unfinished products.

Abstract: Abstract Remote operations of mobile machinery require reliable and flexible wireless communication. 5G networks will provide ultra-reliable and low latency wireless communications upon whichremote operations, real-time control and data acquisition can be implemented. In this paper we present a demonstration system and first experiments for remote mobile machinery control system utilizing 5G radio and a digital twin with a hardware-in-the-loop development system. Our experimental results indicate that with a suitable edge computing architecture an order of magnitude improvement in delay and jitter over exiting LTE infrastructure can be expected from future 5G networks.

Abstract: Abstract The development of automated work machine systems towards autonomous operation is proceeding rapidly in different industrial sectors. The aim of the study was to explore the current situation and possible differences in standardization supporting the development in different industrial sectors. The existing ISO and IEC standards and work items related to autonomous machinery were reviewed as well as activities in international industry groups regarding automation and autonomy of machinery. In general, the current standards are made mostly for machine manufacturers, but the views or responsibilities at worksite level are not considered. Three different approaches for safety concepts for different operating conditions were identified. One of them relies on onboard safety systems including sensor and perception systems for indoor applications. One guides to separate and isolate the autonomously operating machinery and to use access control to the autonomous operating zone. The third one is relying mainly on the machine operator’s ability to understand the situation and to react correctly according to the available information. From technology point of view there seems to be a gap between the safety requirements set in standards and the state of the art in currently available technology.

Abstract: Abstract The integration of the building information modelling (BIM) and assets database has enabled a potential pathway for building stakeholders to add value to the building lifecycle management (BLM) processes. However, the obtaining, storing, processing, and distributing of data have not been ratified in a detailed and semantic manner in any official guideline. This paper suggests a framework for the efficient development of an interoperable visualisation of a building “digital twin” through an intuitive interface, to contribute to the idea above. The framework was applied in two case studies as examples, where rich visualisations of two buildings in the Kanta-Häme region of Finland were constructed using their architectural models and building indoor climate metrics. By constructing an engaging interface, relevant metrics and constant feedback from buildings’ occupants are gathered, meaningful data is selected, processed, and displayed to improve the facility management (FM) process. The yielded result is a progressive web application (PWA), where valuable sets of building performance data are visualised and a promptly communicable channel between owners/occupants and building system is delivered. Further development of this application in practice and research work is also proposed to harness the data-driven monitoring and automation in buildings to the greatest extent.

Abstract: Abstract The optimal design of a subsoiler implement is a complex work that includes optimal design, material properties, structural reliability, random variables, soil properties, soil tillage equipment, and optimum safety measures. The main objectives of this study were to design and simulate the deep placement fertilizer applicator (DPFA) by using the finite element method (FEM). FEM simulation software was used to select the optimum material properties and improve the safety factor by considering a range of loads on DPFA. Three applied forces in a static simulation (4500, 5000 and 6000 N) were considered as were three application depths of fertilizers (0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 m), to improve the safety measures of the design. The simulation results showed that the best material property for DPFA is the AISI 4135 QT carbon steel materials. This yields a high strength of 780MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 950 MPa (Young’s Modulus of 207 GPa and with Poisson’s Ratio of 0.33). The static simulation for 6000 N shows that the DPFA model had a maximum stress and strain of 379.9 MPa and 25.6×10−4 mm/mm respectively, with a contact pressure of 207 MPa, and a maximum displacement of 3.1 mm. The study results can provide theoretical and technical support for the development of agricultural tools, especially for DPFA in selecting optimum material properties and improving safety factors.

Abstract: Abstract Current business trends push transport companies to improve the efficiency of their entrepreneurial activities, what is closely related to costs reduction and revenues increase. Many transport companies achieve it empirically, but some mathematical algorithms, mainly from operational research, can be used to improve the efficiency of railway transport by finding the optimal solution of specific problems. The paper is focused on using of selected methods from applied mathematics in railway transport. These methods are used mainly for improving the operational efficiency of the transport company, what tends to decrease overall operating costs. Major impact is done by efficient use of railway vehicles and train staff. It can be achieved by optimization as a flow network problem or assignment problem, what is further described in the paper. Mathematical approaches can also positively influence the whole logistic process.

Abstract: Abstract This paper considers programming and control of skill-based robots. Robot skills are used to integrate and synchronize robot actions and sensor data in a consistent way. Skill-based approach provides a framework for configurable robot systems, enabling quick setups and start-ups of applications. In the paper we will introduce skill programming and skill control concepts in more detail and how they relate to usage of models and sensors. We will also give a practical example for programming and implementing skills for a grinding application.

Abstract: Abstract Bamboo laminate composites could be the alternative materials in outdoor application. However, the life time prediction of this composite in humid environment became a concern considering hydrophilic property of the bamboo fibre. This research aimed to assess the changes of mechanical properties in the composite with the sorption of water. It employed hand lay-up method in developing the laminate composites with epoxy as the matrix and woven bamboo as the reinforced material. Water sorption characteristic was evaluated through a gravimetric analysis for different water immersion temperatures. The sorption on water was studied by four weeks immersion in room temperature as well as in elevated temperatures of 50∘ and 80∘C. Tensile test was performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the composite. This research clearly showed the significant effect of bamboo fibre on the strength and water sorption behaviour of the composites. It was observed that the rate of water absorption depends on temperature of immersion. Larger debonding between the bamboo fibre and the epoxy matrix was found in higher water immersion temperature. The results of this study emphasized the importance of considering the deterioration of mechanical properties in outdoor applications of bamboo composite highly exposed to high temperature and humidity

Abstract: Abstract This research aims to develop an integrated information system for pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia, which has separate business units in two different locations. An Integrated System is needed to provide the value of competence in the technology and information systems that companies use in their business processes. The development stage starts from the assessment and understanding of the current situation both in the business environment and the IS/IT environment. The business environment includes the internal business environment and external business environment.Similarly, the IS/IT environment which includes internal and external IS/IT environments. With a deep understanding of current conditions, it can be determined the Information System(IS) strategy, Information Technology(IT) strategy and future IS/IT strategies. This study reveals the following results: The absence of good system integration with the business units involved makes the company in a weak position. But in terms of opportunity is quite high so that the use of technology and information systems that fit business needs is recommended in this study. The results of this study recommends some applications that can solve problems commonly experienced by companies such as system integration and business process automation to achieve more efficient and effective business processes.

Abstract: Abstract Industrial waste is constantly increasing, so measures must be taken to recycle it in more practical and environmentally friendly ways. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of sawdust wasted particles for the production of cement bonded particleboards, and to enhance their compatibility with cement by using physical pretreatment processes, addition of nano slag and accelerated carbonation curing. All tests were carried out with different manufacturing parameters: sawdust/cement: (20%, 30% and 40%), treated and untreated wood, CO2 curing and the addition of nano slag. Experiments were performed to assess the mechanical properties of produced particleboards such as density (D), water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), bending strength (BS), and microstructural properties of the cement particleboards. For treated sawdust, the outcomes demonstrated an enhancement in the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of produced cement bonded particleboards by using the accelerated CO2 curing method for sawdust particleboards. According to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs, part of the carbonate crystals was found to be diffused into the cell walls and cavities and were found to protrude from sawdust surfaces.

Abstract: Abstract The importance of learning style in student’s learning performance has been gaining scholar’s attention since it was coined in the early 70s. Atmatzidou’s robotics procedure of a five-stages robotic activities was deployed in the research. This study adopts a case study research design for gathering and analyzing data as the case research allows the exploration of unforeseen phenomena and offers insights into the interdependencies among components revealed in the study. This research introduces the use of Lego Mindstorm as the mean of pro-filing a student’s behavioral patterns. Student’s behavior patterns, then, mapped into radar charts to present the extent of both Kolb and science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM)’s profile of student’s learning style categories. The paper contributes to theory by extending Kolb’s Learning Style instrument by mapping the pattern of learning styles identified in the research and exploring students learning experience. Dominant four-domain-indicators captured during the activities characterize Students’ learning profiles. While the Kolb Learning Style and its instrument are considered classic in hands-on literature, the use of educational robotics to elaborate students’ learning style is novel in the literature that may affect the delivery of non-technology subjects in the curricula.