TL;DR: Identification of mechanisms by which cytokines influence behavior may reveal a panoply of personalized treatment options that target the unique contributions of the immune system to depression.

TL;DR: A ‘cognitive neuropsychological’ model of depression is proposed, suggesting that negative information processing biases have a central causal role in the development of symptoms of depression, and that treatments exert their beneficial effects by abolishing these biases.

TL;DR: In vitro and in vivo methods demonstrate that designer methcathinone analogs are substrates for monoamine transporters, with a profile of transmitter-releasing activity comparable to MDMA.

TL;DR: First-time, preliminary long-term data on NAcc-DBS have demonstrated a stable antidepressant and anxiolytic effect and an amelioration of QoL in this small sample of patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression.

TL;DR: A systems neuroscience rationale for successful cognitive training for neuropsychiatric illnesses is presented, one that emphasizes the distributed nature of neural assemblies that support cognitive and affective processing, as well as their plasticity.

TL;DR: The results shed new light in further understanding the biphasic effects of cannabinoids at the molecular level and pave the way for the development of novel anxiolytic cannabinoid drugs, which may have favorable effect profiles targeting the CB1 receptor on glutamatergic terminals.

TL;DR: The effect size of improvement with ketamine was initially large and remained moderate throughout the 28-day trial, suggesting that the combination of riluzole with ketamines treatment did not significantly alter the course of antidepressant response to ketamine alone.

TL;DR: It is suggested that brain reward circuits are more responsive to food stimuli in AN, but less responsive in obese women, and these brain reward response patterns could be biomarkers for the respective weight state.

TL;DR: The findings indicate that TrkB activation with systemic 7,8-DHF can ameliorate AD-associated memory deficits, which may be, at least in part, attributable to reductions in BACE1 expression and β-amyloidogenesis.

TL;DR: The distinctive pattern ofNPY downregulation that correlated with EBR as well as the resounding behavioral effects of pharmacological manipulation of NPY indicates an intimate association between NPY and behavioral responses to stress, and potentially between molecular and psychopathological processes, which underlie the observed changes in behavior.

TL;DR: A meta-analytic review of placebo-controlled trials in acute, unipolar, major depressive episodes reported over the past three decades supports moderate efficacy of clinically employed antidepressants for acute major depression, but underscores limitations of meta-analyses of controlled trials for ranking drugs by efficacy.

TL;DR: It appears that the combination of early PD nonmotor symptoms with imaging of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system offers a promising path toward the identification of PD biomarkers, which, once characterized, will set the stage for efficient use of neuroprotective agents that could slow down and alter the course of the disease.

TL;DR: The results demonstrate that carbenoxolone infusions induced anhedonia in SPT, and anxiety in NSFT, and Cx43 mimetic peptides Gap27 and Gap26 also induced a core symptom of depression.

TL;DR: A critical review of findings from recent research investigating the impact of recreational methamphetamine use on human cognition, including findings from studies that have assessed the acute and long-term effects of methamphetamine on several domains of cognition, finds that methamphetamine improves cognitive performance in selected domains, including visuospatial perception, attention, and inhibition.

TL;DR: Stress increases circulating NAEs in healthy human volunteers and supports a protective role for eCBs in anxiety, as indicated by the results of this study.

TL;DR: This phase IIa proof-of-concept pilot study provides preliminary support for the safety and efficacy of gabapentin for treatment of cannabis dependence, and provides an alternative conceptual framework for Treatment of addiction aimed at restoring homeostasis in brain stress systems that are dysregulated in drug dependence and withdrawal.

TL;DR: Allosteric activators, both allosteric agonists and positiveallosteric modulators, of mAChR and nAchR subtypes demonstrate unique mechanisms of action and high selectivity in vivo, and may provide innovative treatment strategies for schizophrenia.

TL;DR: It is suggested that the disrupting effects of psilocybin on automatic and controlled inhibition processes are attributable to 5-HT2AR stimulation, and ketanserin alone had no significant effects.

TL;DR: Findings suggest selective changes in DNA methylation of BDNF promoter in subjects with BD type II and highlight the importance of epigenetic factors in mediating the onset and/or susceptibility to BD, providing new insight into the mechanisms of gene expression.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that unmedicated OCD patients have impaired sensorimotor gating as measured by PPI, indicates that PPI deficits are present in OCD patients and are not the result of medication effects, and suggests that OCD patients with a history of tics may have greater impairment in sensorim motor gating than the general OCD population.

TL;DR: It is suggested that clinical status following antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia is linked to glutamate dysfunction, and treatment with compounds acting on the glutamatergic system might therefore be beneficial in patients who respond poorly to dopaminergic antipsychotics.

TL;DR: The observed effects of the BDNF Val66Met SNP on hippocampal BDNF expression and synaptic plasticity provide a possible mechanistic basis by which this common BDNF SNP may impair efficacy of SSRI drug treatment.

TL;DR: PEA failed to rescue memory deficits induced by Ab25–35 injection in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) null mice, unrevealing a previously unknown therapeutic possibility to treat memory deficits associated with AD.

TL;DR: Thalamocortical connectivity to the LPFC is altered in schizophrenia with functional consequences on working memory processing in LPFC, and the correlation with BOLD activation was accentuated in patients as compared with controls in the ventral LPFC.

TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the rapid actions of 17β-estradiol have important implications for general learning and memory processes that are not specific for a particular type of learning paradigm, and may be mediated by the rapid formation of new dendritic spines in the hippocampus.

TL;DR: It is reported that mu-opioid receptors (MOR) and NMDAR NR1 subunits associate in the postsynaptic structures of PAG neurons, a finding that could be exploited in developing bifunctional drugs that would act exclusively on those N MDARs associated with MORs.

TL;DR: Preliminary results suggest that white matter disruptions observed in adolescents exposed to childhood maltreatment may be associated with increased vulnerability to psychopathology, specifically depressive and substance use disorders.

TL;DR: It is suggested that in vivo stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood cells could be a promising molecular marker of altered GR-functioning, an important component of the underlying pathology, in patients suffering from depressive episodes.

TL;DR: With up to 26% of explained variance, the interrelation of reward-related personality traits, behavior, and neural response patterns may convey risk for later alcohol abuse in adolescence, and thus may be identified as a vulnerability factor for the development of substance use disorders.