TL;DR: The current rationales and targets evaluated for therapeutic benefit in AD are reviewed and the major developments in this direction are the amyloid and tau based therapeutics, which could hold the key to treatment of AD in the near future.

TL;DR: The recent progress in understanding the mechanisms contributing to the short- and long-term regulation of the synaptic proteome by BDNF are discussed, and the role in synaptic plasticity, which is likely to influence learning and memory formation is discussed.

TL;DR: Brain stress response systems are hypothesized to be activated by acute excessive drug intake, to be sensitized during repeated withdrawal, to persist into protracted abstinence, and to contribute to the development and persistence of addiction.

TL;DR: There is robust evidence that repeated exposure to drugs of abuse induces changes within the brain's reward regions in three major modes of epigenetic regulation-histone modifications such as acetylation and methylation, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs.

TL;DR: Initial evidence supports temporal discounting as a candidate behavioral marker for addiction and suggests that it acts as a gauge of addiction severity, correlates with all stages of addiction development, and changes with effective treatment.

TL;DR: The hypothesis that inflammation via prolonged activation of key kinases (p38 and GSK-3β and activation of histone deacetylases gives rise to dysregulation of the NRF2 system in the brain, which contributes to oxidative stress and injury is brought forward.

TL;DR: The latest research carried out on the function of BDNF in memory is described to illustrate such complexity.

TL;DR: Data suggesting that DNA methylation, even in peripheral tissues, appears to be an informative reflection of environmental exposures on the genome and may have potential as a biomarker for the early prevention of stress-related disorders is discussed.

TL;DR: It is proposed that interoception contributes to drug addiction by incorporating an "embodied" experience of drug uses together with the individual's predicted versus actual internal state to modulate approach or avoidance behavior, i.e. whether to take or not to take drugs.

TL;DR: The finding that different individuals may be sensitive to different triggers capable of motivating behavior and producing relapse suggests there may be different pathways to addiction, and has implications for thinking about individualized treatment.

TL;DR: This review will discuss the data currently available regarding synaptic BDNF secretion in response to physiologically relevant levels of activity, and will discuss how endogenously secreted BDNF affects synaptic plasticity, giving a special focus on spike timing-dependent types of LTP and on mossy fiber LTP.

TL;DR: What is known regarding the cellular mechanism mediating the activity of BDNF during functional and/or structural changes at neurons in order to promote synaptic plasticity is summarized.

TL;DR: Approaches taken to investigate mechanisms of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy and evidence for potential mechanisms of the axonal degeneration downstream of or distinct from microtubule stabilization by pac litaxel are reviewed.

TL;DR: Findings represent the first evidence that second generation analogs of MDPV are catecholamine-selective uptake blockers which may pose risk for addiction and adverse effects in human users.

TL;DR: Understanding the role of tau in both normal and degenerating synapses is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies designed to ameliorate synapse loss and prevent AD pathogenesis.

TL;DR: Powerful new tools and high throughput protocols are starting to give researchers the potential to systematically interrogate "all" genes, epigenetic marks, and neuronal circuits in addiction-research.

TL;DR: The present review highlights recent findings on the dynamic and long-term epigenetic programming of BDNF gene expression by the DNA methylation, histone-modifying and microRNA machineries and summarizes the current knowledge on the activity-dependent BDNF mRNA trafficking critical for rapid local regulation ofBDNF levels and synaptic plasticity.

TL;DR: In this article, the neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects of naturally occurring polyphenols like apigenin and luteolin and explore the underlying mechanisms with respect to Parkinson's disease (PD) were investigated.

TL;DR: This review focuses on a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, Rett syndrome, and describes the consequences of loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the transcription factor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in RTT, and elaborate on the current understanding of how MeCP2 controls BDNF expression.

TL;DR: Clinical and preclinical studies showing that striatal dopamine signaling and D2 receptor levels - which have been shown to be decreased in addiction - directly impact impulsivity, which is itself predictive of drug self-administration are reviewed.

TL;DR: A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying withdrawal-related cognitive deficits may lead to improve nicotine dependence treatment, and improved therapies that target cognitive symptoms of nicotine withdrawal are proposed.

TL;DR: The current state of knowledge is summarized and outstanding questions and future directions in human neuroimaging research on nicotine and tobacco are discussed, which may lead to improved therapeutics for smoking cessation and for a number of cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia.

TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to present recent new insights into the neurobiological mechanisms that regulate avoidance of nicotine and the feasibility of developing novel therapeutic agents for tobacco dependence that act not by blocking nicotine reward but by enhancing nicotine avoidance.

TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the GLP-1 receptor agonists liraglutide and lixisenatide show promise as potential drug treatments of AD.

TL;DR: The functional neurocircuitry of the BLA and the BNST is reviewed, and how these circuits may guide maladaptive behavioral processes such as those seen in addiction are discussed.

TL;DR: The nucleus accumbens (NAc) as discussed by the authors undergoes long-term morphological and electrophysiological changes that may underlie the increased susceptibility for relapse in drug-experienced individuals even after long periods of withdrawal.

TL;DR: The short-term plasticity of DA release following paired pulses was decreased in TAAR1-KO, indicating less autoinhibition of D2 autoreceptors, which could suggest a close interaction between TAar1 and the D 2 autoreceptor regulation.

TL;DR: Examining progressive alterations in synaptic gene expression within CA1 neurons in cases harvested from the Rush Religious Orders Study suggests that CA1 synaptic gene dysregulation occurs early in the cascade of pathogenic molecular events prior to the onset of AD, which may form the basis for novel pharmacological treatment approaches for this dementing disorder.

TL;DR: Recent progress is discussed in the understanding of the novel role of RA, which led to the identification of RA as a critical synaptic signaling molecule that mediates activity-dependent regulation of protein synthesis in neuronal dendrites.