Abstract: We present a checklist of fungi that have been reported in the literature to be associated with mangrove forests. In total 625 fungi are listed, including 278 ascomycetes, 277 mitosporic fungi, 30 basidiomycetes and 14 oomycetes. For each fungus we list their known geographic distribution in mangrove forests, host associations, as well as known habitats and type of substrate. Ascomycetes and mitosporic mangrove-associated fungi differ in their substrate affinities and habitats. Terrestrial and sediment fungi have more restricted geographical distributions compared to intertidal fungi, but this may be due to sampling error rather than biological reality.

Abstract: Phytophthora nemorosa, a new species isolated from stem cankers on two species of Fagaceae and leaves of various hosts, is described. The new species resembles P. ilicis with homothallic, amphigynous antheridia and deciduous, semi-papillate sporangia, and has a related ITS-DNA sequence. Symptoms and host range are similar to P. ramorum, cause of Sudden Oak Death and leaf blight and shoot dieback diseases in California and Oregon forests, although P. nemorosa does not appear to cause wide-spread mortality of oak trees.

Abstract: Five species of Botrytis are recognized as being associated with neck rot of onions: three of them, B aclada, B byssoidea and B allii, exclusively Due to the difficulty of distinguishing them by morphological criteriaand lack of type material associated with B aclada and B allii, several synonomies have been proposed We suggest that B aclada and B allii are both valid names Species may be differentiated by conidial size, but the character is subtle, variable and there is some overlap Both the smallest spored group (B aclada) and the largest spored group (B byssoidea) have 16 mitotic chromosomes, while the intermediate group (B allii) has 32 Based on significant differences in Nei's coefficient of genetic differentiation derived from universally primed PCR (UP-PCR) fingerprints it was possible to recognize distinctions among the three exclusively neck rot-associated Botrytis spp and B cinerea and B squamosa Primers, designed from a sequence characterized UP-PCR fragment were used for direct sequencing of DNA from isolates of the 16 chromosome nomengroups Because of apparent ambiguities in the UP-PCR fragment from the 32-chromosome group, it was cloned and re-sequenced Sequence alignment and unrooted clustering show identity with the small-spored B aclada and the large-spored B byssoidea for the two cloned DNA fragments from the intermediate, B allii Further, the internally transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS) amplicons of B aclada have 2 Sphl restriction sites; those of B allii and B byssoidea have 1 Sphl site The cumulative data suggest that the three groups are genetically distinct and that isolates of B aclada and B byssoidea were the ancestors of the polyploid B allii

Abstract: Isolate MFC2 is identified as Muscodor albus, an endophyte residing in the cambium of Myristica fragrans, a nutmeg tree in Thailand. This strain is characterized by the production of a whitish felt-like mycelium on PDA. It develops no fruiting structures on water agar containing sterile pieces of the host plants and other media. The MFC2 isolate is related to the family of Xylariaceae based upon 92% similarity of ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 sequences of Xylaria arbuscula and Hypoxylon fragiforme. High similarities of ITS 1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 sequences showed that the isolate MFC2 is taxonomically related to M. albus, M. roseus, and M. vitigenus by virtue of 99%, 99% and 92% homology, respectively. For GC/MS volatile fingerprinting, M. albus isolate MFC2 produces volatile compounds which are some of the major components of the volatiles of M. albus, i.e., propanoic acid and ethanol. M. albus, M. roseus and M. vitigenus each primarily produce naphthalene either exclusively or in combination with naphthalene derivatives while MFC2 mainly produces bulnesene, ledol, (-)-globulol and a number of other azulene derivatives. Because of its DNA homologies, the whitish nature of the mycelium and some similarities in the volatile compounds that are produced, the organism is recorded here as the MFC2 strain of M. albus.

Abstract: Since the appearance of Amanitaceae of India in 1990, there has been no publication addressing the current state of knowledge of the family in India. The present paper represents a step toward filling this gap and providing an updated list of those members of the Amanitaceae described, illustrated or listed from different parts of India to date. The list includes 53 names, of which 50 names are combined in Amanita and the rest in Limacella. Revision of collections determined originally as European or North American taxa has yielded fifteen new records for India: A. avellaneosquamosa, A. caesareoides, A. clarisquamosa, A. concentrica, A. exitialis, A. liquii, A. oberwinklerana, A. orientigemmata, A. pantherina var. lutea, A. pseudoporphyria, A. pseudovaginata, A. rubrovolvata, A. subjunquillea var. subjunquillea, A. subjunquillea var. alba, and A. umbrinolutea. It is projected that the number of Amanita taxa in India may exceed 100.

Abstract: A study of the genus Geastrum occurring in Brazil was undertaken. Five species are discussed: G. pectinatum, G. saccatum, G. schweinitzii, G. smardae and G. triplex. A key and illustrations of basidiomata are given.

Abstract: The lichen genus Paraparmelia is reduced to synonymy under Xanthoparmelia. The key characters of Xanthoparmelia include the cell walls containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan, the pored epicortex, eciliate margins, simplerhizines, small, ellipsoidal spores and bifusiform or rarely weakly fusiform or bacilliform conidia. Five new names are proposed: Xanthoparmelia aridella, X colensoides, X inconspicuella, X rugulosella and X xanthomelanella and 77 new combinations are made.

Abstract: Saprobic fungi associated with dead tissue of Musa acuminata from five sites at Doi Suthep Pui National Park, Thailand were investigated. Nine hundred collections of decaying Musa were examined and 80 fungal species were identified, comprising 7 ascomycetes, 2 basidiomycetes and 71 anamorphic fungi (4 coelomycetes and 67 hyphomycetes). The most commonly encountered species were Periconia digitata, Verticillium tenuissimum, Memnoniella subsimplex and Pseudobotrytis terrestris, which were represented by 32%, 19%, 15% and 14% of the total collections, respectively. The site of collection did not significantly affect fungal species composition. However, the fungal communities on leaves were markedly different from those on petioles and pseudostems.

Abstract: During an inventory of freshwater euascomyetes in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, a fungus (R044) with morphological characteristics similar to several genera in the Annulatascaceae was encountered on submerged wood. An identical fungus was also collected from La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Generic placement based on morphological data alone was problematic, therefore phylogenetic analyses of 28S rDNA sequence was used to shed light on the relationship of R044 to other genera in the Annulatascaceae. Results from phylogenetic analyses indicate that R044 does not belong to any of the existing genera that have been included in the Annulatascaceae, thus a new genus, Cyanoannulus, is established to accommodate it. The characteristic features of the new genus are pale reddish brown ascomata, a two-layered peridium with cells darkened toward the outside, fusoid asci with a large, bipartite apical ring that is non-amyloid, but stains in aqueous cotton blue, and thick-walled ascospores with a narrow channel in their apical walls, with or without a gelatinous sheath. Cyanoannulus petersenii sp. nov. is described and illustrated.

Abstract: Brachydesmiella eugecapiellana anam. sp. nov., found on decaying fallen leaves of Nectandra sp. in a cloud forest from Venezuela, is described and illustrated. This is characterized by navicular, ampulliform to narrow fusiform, rostrate, 2-3-septate, verruculose, very pale brown conidia. Selenodriella ponmudiensis comb. nov. is proposed. Some microfungi are recorded from cloud forests in Venezuela.

Abstract: Phaeococcomyces chersonesos sp.nov., repeatedly isolated from marble at Chersonesos archaeological site, is described, illustrated and discussed.

Abstract: Phallus pygmaeus, a remarkable new species fundamentally characterized by its basidiomata not exceeding 10 mm high, smooth surface of the dark pileus and lignicolous habitat, is described and illustrated.

Abstract: Foliicolous lichens from Taiwan and foliicolous lichens and their lichenicolous ascomycetes from the Xishuangbanna region in Yunnan are reported, based on recent field work by some of the authors. The vast majority of thespecies encountered are new records for China and/or Taiwan. Musaespora coccinea, so far only known from Papua New Guinea, is reported from two countries on the Northern hemisphere, viz. Brunei and China, and from Queensland in Australia. The accompanying species in the three collecting localities are listed, with all species mentioned from Brunei being new records for that country.

Abstract: Mgrothecium acadiense, isolated from leaves of the weed Tussilago farfara collected in Nova Scotia, Canada, is described as a new anamorph species. It produces sporodochial conidiomata, percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells, a green, slimy conidial mass and unusual cylindrical conidia that are swollen and convex at the base. Despite the fact that most species of Myrothecium have phialidic conidiogenous cells, a phylogenetic analysis of aligned DNA sequences of the 5' end of the large subunit (LSU) rDNA suggest that M. acadiense is closely related to the type of the genus, M. inundatum, tentatively placed in the Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales. Some comments are included on the relationships and generic concept of Trichothecium roseum.

Abstract: The types of Clitocybe macrospora and Xerula furfuracea var. bispora were critically restudied. Both of them are members of Oudemansiella. Thus, a new name, viz. O. bii, and a new combination, i.e. O. bispora are proposed for them respectively. Important characters observed from the types were illustrated in line drawings.

Abstract: Two undescribed Lactarius species in subgenus Piperites have been found in Mexico: L. cristulatus and L. atroviolaceus. Both are described here and compared with related species. In addition, after a type study of L. uvidus var. montanus from U.S., the new combination L. montanus is proposed. The particular set of characters with regard to basidiomes color and basidiospores (size, shape and ornamentation), supports its segregation from L. uvidus and allied taxa.

Abstract: Members of the form genus Polycephalomyces (Hyphomycetes, Deuteromycota) were morphologically and phylogenetically evaluated. The aberrant taxon P. tomentosus was earlier placed in Blistum, for which it was the type. Blistum was distinguished from other Hyphomycetes on the production of white synnemata, ornamented cells along the synnemous stipe, viscous conidial mass at synnemous apex and a myxomyceticolous habit. Observations of Polycephalomyces species revealed that P. tomentosus can be distinguished from other spedes in the genus by its myxomyceticolous habit, verrucose ornamented cells along the synnemous stipe, and production of conidia that are variable in size (2.4-7.6 x 1.6-3.2 μm) and shape (ovoid, broadly fusiform and subglobose). Phylogenetic analyses of 28S rDNA excluded P. tomentosus from the clade containing all other Polycephalomyces species, thus making the genus paraphyletic. However, all Polycephalomyces species were recovered in the Clavicipitaceae clade when analyzed using either Hypocreaceae or Nectriaceae as outgroups. Therefore, we have segregated P. tomentosus from Polycephalomyces and again classified it n the monotypic genus Blistum.

Abstract: Minimelanolocus olivaceus anam. sp. nov., found on a decaying runner-like stem attached to a rotten leaf of unidentified species in a rainforest in Brazil, is described and illustrated. This new species is characterized by obclavate, 2-3(4)-septate, very pale olivaceous, smooth conidia. Notes on previously described species are given. Additional hyphomycetes are recorded for the first time from rainforests in Brazil.

Abstract: With the purpose of contributing to the knowledge of the taxonomy and ecology of the species of Geastrum, three priority regions for conservation of biodiversity from Sonora, Mexico were sampled The survey was conducted during the four seasons of the year in six vegetation types Sampling localities were characterized by biotic and abiotic factors based upon topographic and subject charts as well as physical and chemical soil analyses Seventeen species of Geastrum were determined, six are reported for the first time from Sonora, Gpouzarii and G pseudolimbatum being new records for the Mexican mycobiota The highest number of specimens were collected in tropical thorn forest and tropical deciduous forest Although gastrocarps of Geastrum were observed throughout the year, they were more commonly found during summer and autumn

Abstract: Lignosus ekombitii is described as new based on a collection from Cameroon. It differs from L. sacer in having smaller and thinner pileus with longer and more slender stipe, oblong-ellipsoid to cylindrical and longer spores. Macro and microscopic features are illustrated. A key to species of Lignosus is provided.

Abstract: A new volvate Macrolepiota species from China, M. velosa; is described, and Volvolepiota is synonymized with Macrolepiota. Two new names in Macrolepiota are proposed, viz. M pulchella for V. brunnea, and M. brunnescens for V albida.

Abstract: Forty species of Aphyllophoralles are reported from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Pemambuco, Brazil. Thirteen of them are recorded for the first time for the state.

Abstract: The following two powdery mildews new for Poland are discussed: Erysiphe azaleae on Rhododendron luteum and Erysiphe syringae-japonicae on Syringa x chinensis, Syringa x persica var. integrifolia, S. × prestoniae 'Octavia', S. tomentella and S. vulgaris. Syringa x persica var. integrifolia and Syringa × prestoniae are new host species for Erysiphe syringae-japonicae.

Abstract: The puffball genus Morganella (Lycoperdaceae) is emended to include a new subgenus Apioperdon. Lycoperdon pyriforme is relocated to Morganella, yielding the new combination Morganella pyriformis, and an epitype is given.

Abstract: Eighteen species of parmelioid lichens belonging to the genera Canomaculina, Parmelina, Parmelinella and Parmelinopsis are recognized in China's mainland. The new combination Canomaculina ultralucens is made and Parmelia kokiuensis is synonymized with Parmelinopsis minarum. Six species, Canomaculina subsumpta, Parmelinella chozoubae, Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta, P. microlobulata, P. protocetrarica and P. subfatiscens, are reported as new to China. Two species, Parmelinopsis expallida and P. horrescens, are recorded in China's mainland for the first time.

Abstract: In this study of diversity of lignicolous aphyllophoroid Basidiomycota in an Atlantic Forest fragment in the semi-arid Caatinga region of the State of Bahia, Brazil, a total of 26 species were collected. Most of the taxa are pantropical, white-rot species, belonging to the polyporoid clade. Pycnoporus sanguineus, Phellinus gilvus and Lentinus crinitus were the most frequently collected taxa, both in number of specimens and in occurrence along the sampling period. Although surrounded by the semi-arid Caatinga vegetation and presumably isolated from the conventional Atlantic Forest region, the mycota of the submontane fragment seems to have no marked differences from the mycota of other fragments situated in the traditional domain of Atlantic Forest in lower altitudes.

Abstract: Three taxa of the genus Lactarius (Russulaceae), viz., Lactarius dwaliensis, L. maitlyensis and L. dafianus from Kumaon Himalaya (Indian subcontinent), are proposed as new species. Macro and micromorphological characters of these species are described and illustrated, and ecological data are provided.

Abstract: Hypogymnia sikkimensis (Parmeliaceae) from Sikkim, India is described as new to science. In addition, Allocetraria flavonigrescens is reported for the first time from India.