Abstract: The amount of formaldehyde removal by indoor pot plants was assessed in actual space, and compared with removal amount calculated from a sealed chamber test. Epipremnum aureum, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Gardenia jasminoide were placed in a room, occupying 3, 6, and 9% of the room volume, respectively. When each species occupied 3, 6, and 9% of the room volume, formaldehyde was removed by 30.9, 47.7, and 67.0%, and the relative humidity increased by 4.8, 8.3, and 10.0%, respectively. When pot plants occupied 1% of the room’s volume, formaldehyde was decreased by 6-7% in the room. A small difference in the rate of formaldehyde removal was observed among the species. The ratio of the formaldehyde removal measured in the room over the its theoretical removal calculated as the chamber test was found to be 0.05, approximately 20 folds. As a result, it has been found that indoor plants could be an effective method for the purifying of indoor air, according to the results suggesting that pot plants occupying about 1% of the room’s volume reduced formaldehyde by approximately 7%.

Abstract: The efficacy of three species of indoor plants (Spathiphyllum spp., Ficus elastica and Syngonium podophyllum) for the removal of environment tobacco smoke (ETS) particulate matter (PM) in the light and dark and changes in physiological responses (photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration) of the plants to ETS was assessed. Cigarette smoke was generated in sealed chambers to give an initial concentration of ～182 ㎍ㆍm?³ and after normalization (10 min) the concentrations of various size categories (PM₁?, PM 1.0 , and PM 0.5 ) were determined. ETS PM diminished with time due to adsorption and sedimentation. However, the decrease was accelerated by the presence of indoor plants in both the light and dark. Removal efficiency varied among species and was not correlated with leaf area. Spathiphyllum spp. had the highest removal efficacy on a leaf area basis among the species tested in both light and dark conditions, and removal was more efficient in the light than in the dark. In the dark there was little difference in removal efficiency among species or in respiratory rate. The removal efficiency in the light was higher in species with higher photosynthetic rates, suggesting that photosynthesis may be involved in the accelerated removal.

Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of chlorinated water on storage quality and microbial reduction of tah tasai Chinese cabbage young leaf vegetable (microgreen). Fresh young leaves were washed in cold (5) and warm (25) chlorinated water with 0, 50 or 100 mg.L free chlorine for 90 sec. Samples were then packaged in polypropylene (PP) film bag and stored for 8 days at 15. Changes in weight loss, color, SPAD value, external appearance, and aerobic plate count (APC) were evaluated. Chlorinated water treatment at 5 had a more beneficial effect on visual quality, weight loss, SPAD value change than 25 chlorinated water treatment. No significant difference was found in APC on the surface of tah tasai Chinese cabbage microgreen after 3-day storage period. Chlorinated water either at 5 or 25 with 50-100 mg.L free chlorine significantly reduced APC during the initial period of storage (up to 2 days). The results indicated that chlorinated water only affected microbial reduction until tah tasai Chinese cabbage microgreen maintained its initial quality.

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mineral and organic fertilizer application on pepper (Capsicum annuum) yield and soil chemical properties for 14 years from 1994 to 2007 For the experiment, experimental plots were established on a sandy loam soil with six treatments, which consisted of no fertilization (NPK), N+P+K standard fertilization (NPK), N+P+K+compost (NPKC), P+K+compost (PKC), N+P+compost (NPC), and N+K+compost (NKC) During the 14-yr experimental period, organic matter contents in soil increased continuously at the rate of 111-117 gkgyr in the treatments with compost applications and 051-055 gkgyr in treatment with no compost application The soil available phosphate in NPK treatment increased at the rate of 36 mgkgyr, which was insignificant compared to those in compost applied treatments such as 161 mgkgyr in NKC and 450 mgkgyr in NPKC As cultivation periods for pepper was extended, exchangeable potassium concentrations in soil tended to decline continuously But, exchangeable potassium content in soil showed no further decline at the level of 022 cmolkg in NPK and 050-071 cmolkg in NPK treatment Fruit yield and the amount of nutrient absorbed by pepper increased in the following order: NPK NPC

Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of potassium concentration in fertilizer solution on growth and nutrient uptake by 'Maehyang' strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.). Tissue analysis based on dry weight and petiole sap was also conducted to determine the threshold concentrations in plants when potassium deficiency developed. Plant growths were not affected seriously in K deficient plants. Purple areas developed on the veins near the petiole of mature leaves. The purple areas rapidly became brown. Marginal chlorosis, marginal scorch and petiole necrosis occurred in K deficient plants. The dry weight and tissue K contents of above ground plant tissue at 120 days after transplanting increased as K concentration in fertilizer solution was elevated within concentration range from 0 to 6.0 mM and 0 to 8 mM, respectively. The trends in dry weight and tissue K contents were quadratic. The changes of fresh weight and K concentrations in petiole sap responded to elevated K concentrations in fertilizer solutions were quadratic responses with the equations of y=20.06+5.714x-0.4493x (R=0.6403) and y=66.52+229.97x-18.892x (R=0.8413), respectively. When the concentration of K at which growth of a plant is retarded by 10% is regarded as threshold concentration level, the potassium contents based on dry weight or petiole sap should be in the range between 1.9 to 2.8% and 480 to 720 mg.kg, respectively.

Abstract: Effects of postharvest ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments on the physiological metabolism and quality of 'Hongro' apples (Malus domestica) were investigated Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity, treated with 100 LL ethylene for 24 hours at 10 or 1 LL 1-MCP for 24 hours at 10, and then stored at 0 and 20 for 50 days, respectively Ethylene evolution was completely inhibited by 1-MCP treatment at both storage temperatures In contrast, 1-MCP treatment effects on respiration were distinct only in apples stored at 20 Ethylene treatment tended to increase ethylene evolution and respiration, especially during 20 storage Rises in the ethylene evolution and respiration rates appeared clearly in control and ethylene-treated apples, while not detectable in 1-MCP treated apples during 50-day storage Storage at 0 also effectively reduced ethylene evolution and respiration while delaying the ethylene and respiration peak times Effects of 1-MCP on fruit quality were significant for maintaining flesh firmness and overall taste while reducing surface greasiness during storage Overall data indicated that postharvest 1-MCP application could maintain fruit quality during storage at ambient temperature However, potential of 1-MCP treatment may be limited to 'Hongro' apples programmed to be stored at 0 for short period

Abstract: The effect of white fluorescent, blue, red, and blue plus red mixture light at a 90 10 mol m s light intensity on growth, net photosynthetic rate (NPR), and ethylene production in Ageratum houstonianum 'Blue Field', Tagetes erecta 'Orange Boy', and Salvia splendens 'Red Vista' plug seedlings was investigated for 14 days Higher leaf area and NPR of ageratum seedlings were achieved by mixture radiation of blue and red as compared to monochromic blue or red, whereas ethylene production was not affected by different light qualities Ageratum and salvia seedlings under blue or red light showed the greatest plant height Photosynthesis of marigold and salvia seedlings was stimulated by all light qualities except for monochromic blue light Red or mixture light quality was the most effective in the promotion of ethylene production of marigold and salvia, and inhibitory response was shown under blue light It was found that growth, photosynthesis, and ethylene production in ageratum, marigold, and salvia plug seedlings depended upon different light qualities for the experimental period

Abstract: Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. cv. Green Country) florets were packaged with 17 m PVC (polyvinyl chloride), 30 m LDPE (low-density polyethylene), and 50 m LDPE films separately. Then broccoli were stored at four different storage temperatures (0, 61, 91, and room temperature) to simulate maximum period of storage. Fresh weight, color, off-odor, decay, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid contents, O, CO ethylene concentrations inside the packages were monitored for 5 days at room temperature and 35 days at 0, 6, and 9. Shelf life was determined according to the packaging materials and storage temperatures. At room temperature, gas compositions inside packaging film were about 17 kPa O+3 kPa CO, 2 kPa O+4 kPa CO, and 1 kPa O+5 kPa CO in PVC 17 m, LDPE 30 m, and LDPE 50 m, espectively. At 0 cold storage conditions, gas composition was about 18 kPa O+1 kPa CO, 3 kPa O+3 kPa CO, and 2 kPa O+5 kPa CO in PVC 17 m, LDPE 30 m, and LDPE 50 m, respectively. Deterioration and wilting developed more rapidly in PVC 17 m than LDPE 30 m and LDPE 50 m. Weight loss, color, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid contents were more rapidly changed in PVC 17 m film due to high transmission rate. Off-odor was severe in LDPE 50 m. Soft rot and fungal infections were developed both in LDPE 30 m and LDPE 50 m towards the end of the storage period. Weight loss and color was influenced by the storage temperature and packaging film, especially under PVC 17 m, broccoli showed higher weight loss and yellowing at 9 than 6 and 0. According to the results, broccoli packaged with LDPE 30 m film and storage at 0 was the most desirable for extending shelf-life when weight loss, color change, off-odor and microbial infections are considered.

Abstract: To investigate the effects of floral preservatives on vase life and sugar content during flower senescence of cut lilies, Lilium Oriental hybrid 'Casa Blanca' flowers were treated with various chemical holding solutions. The holding solution containing 3% sucrose + 200 mg.L HQC + 50 mg.L AgNO + 25 mg.L GA or 50% soda pop (cider) + 50% tap water + 40 mg.L NaOCl + 25 mg.L GA significantly increased vase life, fresh weight, flower diameter of cut flowers as compared with the control (distilled water). These treatments maintained high water balance and high chlorophyll content as compared with the control during senescence of flowers. The holding solution containing 3% sucrose + 200 mg.L HQC + 50 mg.L AgNO + 25 mg.L GA maintained high levels of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and total sugar for a long time as compared with the control. These results indicate that vase life and carbohydrate supply have a strong correlation.

Abstract: The karyotypes of three Brassica species, B. rapa (AA, 2n=20), B. nigra (BB, 2n=16), and B. oleracea (CC, 2n=18), were constructed based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using various DNA probes, including 5S rDNA, 45S rDNA, 176 bp centromere satellite repeats, and Cot-100 DNA. The lengths of the somatic metaphase chromosomes ranged from 2.05 to 4.21 ㎛ in B. rapa, 2.37 to 3.13 ㎛ in B. nigra, and 2.94 to 4.44 ㎛ in B. oleracea. The karyotypes were composed of eight pairs of metacentrics and two pairs of submetacentrics in B. rapa, five pairs of metacentrics and three pairs of submetacentrics in B. nigra, and six pairs of metacentrics and three pairs of submetacentrics in B. oleracea. Ten 45S rDNA loci were detected in B. rapa, whereas six were detected in B. nigra, and four were detected in B. oleracea. In addition, six 5S rDNA loci were detected in B. rapa, whereas two 5S rDNA loci were detected in both B. nigra and B. oleracea. Both CentBr1 and CentBr2 originated from the B. rapa centromere sequence were detected in nine and five pairs of chromosomes in B. oleracea, respectively; however, they were not observed in B. nigra. Cot-100Br signals were detected on the centromeric regions of all chromosomes in the three Brassica species; however, BDB signals appeared in the centromere region of B. rapa and B. oleracea, but not in B. nigra.

Abstract: Contents of quercetin (Q) and kaempferol (K) in fruits, roots, and leaves of Cudrania tricuspidata and their processed foods (fruit liquor, root liquor, and leaf tea) before and after hydrolysis were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Total contents of Q (58.822.49 mg) and K (26.820.66 mg) in the leaves were higher than those in the fruits (Q, 5.700.02 mg; K, 2.580.02 mg) and roots (Q, 1.600.01 mg; K, 2.930.02 mg). The results suggest that a large portion of Q (95%) and K (93%) contained in the leaves, fruits, and roots exist in glycoside forms. However, the contents of Q and K in the processed foods were consistently and markedly reduced [fruit liquor, 90% (Q) and 89.8% (K); root liquor, 74.5% (Q) and 76.2% (K); leaf tea, 94% (Q) and 87% (K)] in comparison with raw materials (fruits, roots, and leaves); it is likely due to oxidative conversion of components contained in the materials during storage and processing. This quantitative analysis of components of C. tricuspidata may prove to be valuable as fundamental data for plant physiological research, estimation of bioactivity, and research on storage and processing of C. tricuspidata.

Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of irrigation amount in rockwool (Dry master, Grodan Co.) and cocopeat (chip : dust = 50 : 50 included fiber) substrates on growth and fruiting of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. 'Cupra') during fruiting period. The irrigation amount during fruiting period (4 weeks after rooting) was managed by 150-75 mL/plant/time in rockwool and cocopeat slabs. The lesser irrigation amount during fruiting period resulted in lower water content in both slabs. Water content in slab remained higher at cocopeat than at rockwool. Sixty five percent water content in the slab was maintained by 112 mL/plant/time irrigation in cocopeat and 150 mL/plant/time irrigation in rockwool. The lesser irrigation amount during fruiting period caused the higher EC in root zone. EC change in the slab was dependent on the amount of irrigation. The EC change in slabs was more stable at cocopeat with 3.0-5.0 ds/m than in rockwool with 3.0-8.0 ds/m. The growth and fruit size were better and bigger at cocopeat slab than at rockwool. Lower irrigation amount in both slabs during fruiting period reduced the plant growth, fruit size, pericarp thickness and fruit weight but increased the soluble solid contents of fruits. The less irrigation amount during fruiting period appeared to reduce fruit set at rockwool but to increase fruit set at cocopeat. The fruit productivity of cocopeat slab was higher at 75-112 mL/plant/time irrigation amount than at 150 mL/plant/time.

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of electrolyzed water (EW) on quality and reducing microbial population in washed apples. Apples (Malus × domestica cv. Fuji) were washed separately in strong acidic (pH 2.8) EW and weak acidic (pH 6.5) EW, each containing 50 μLㆍL?¹ free chlorine for 2 and 5 min, and in 50 μLㆍL?¹ chlorinated water and tap water for 5 min. Samples were individually packaged in 50 ㎛ polypropylene film and stored at 10℃ for up to 35 days. Washing in strong acidic EW for 5 min was effective in reducing microbial population. However, apples washed in the EW for 5 min had less hue angle value throughout storage period and lower sensory evaluation score at the end of storage. Strong acidic (2 min dipping) and weak acidic (either 2 or 5 min dipping) EW was as effective as chlorine in reducing microbial growth of apples. No significant differences in color, soluble solid content, pH, and sensorial quality occurred among tap water, chlorine, and weak acidic EW. The results indicated that weak acidic EW could be an alternative sanitizer for washing apples.

Abstract: The grape has been classified as a non-climacteric fruit with a relatively low physiological activity. However, some studies report that transient increase of endogenous ethylene production occurs just before verasion. Major problems after harvest include stem browning, berry shattering, wilting of berry, and gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. The grape is stored at -1 to 0 with 90 to 95% RH. Constant low temperature and high RH are important to control water loss and decay. Preharvest applications of chitosan, abscisic acid, ethephon, or ethanol improve grape quality (skin color, decay, and weight loss) and shelf-life. Chitosan, UV irradiation, eugenol or thymol, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine dioxide gas are treated on grape after harvest in order to extend shelf-life and preserve quality. Controlled atmosphere or modified atmosphere packaging can be used as supplemental treatments to extend postharvest-life. 2-5% O + 1-3% CO is currently recommended for table grapes. SO is used for decay control. 10-15% CO in air can be used to control gray mold. Optimum range of temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric composition depends on the cultivar.

Abstract: Flavor potential in onions is genetically determined, but it can be modified by environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature (15, 20, 25, 30℃) on the sugar and pyruvic acid contents and growth of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs. There were no differences in the plant height according to temperature. The number of leaves was decreased as temperature increased. However bulb diameter, bulb weight and bulbing index (bulb/neck diameter) were increased as temperature increased. Therefore aerial part growth was better at 20 and 25℃ and subterranean growth was better at 25 and 30℃. At harvest, there was a significant difference in bulb characteristics. It showed better growth in bulb diameter and weight at 25℃. The growth of bulbs was better but bulb weight was decreased lower at 30℃ because of stress. The pyruvic acid content in onion bulb was the highest at 20℃, while total sugar content was the highest at 25℃. The pyruvic acid and sugar content per unit weight of the bulb were the highest at 20℃. Onion grown at 25℃ was the highest in sweetness but much lower in PA/TS rate. Sucrose content was increased as temperature increased but there was no effect on glucose and fructose contents. Therefore, strong sweet flavor should be obtained when onions are grown at 25℃ condition.

Abstract: In order to promote the efficiency of strawberry breeding programs in Korea, we evaluated various horticultural traits of strawberry (Fragaria spp.) germplasms collected in Rural Development Administration from domestic to abroad, especially Japan and United States. Genetic relationships among accessions were carried out on 43 strawberry germplasms based on 26 horticultural traits by principal component (PC). The first three PCs represented 43.0% of the total variation in the data set. The first PC and second PC accounted for 20.2% and 13.0% of the total variance and separated the taxa essentially by characteristics related to plant height, leaf length, fruit width and weight. As the dendrogram of UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages) clustering based on 1 to 3 PCs, 43 strawberry cultivars were classified into five large groups (I-V) at the average distance 1.0 and three small groups of the large group I at the average distance 0.7 in accordance with mainly plant vigor, fruit size and their parentage. The groups III to V were mainly used as breeding materials in Korea; therefore, we need to make crosses these materials with cultivars in other groups like groups I and II to increase genetic variation and improve fruit quality in the future.

Abstract: Four different crop loads by hand thinning, 4, 5, 6 and 7 fruits per trunk cross-sectional area (TCA, cm2), were established in the 3 and 4 leafy years of 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees planted at 3.5 x 1.5 m spacing and trained as slender spindle. Tree responses to reduced crop load included increased trunk thickness, longer shoot and heavier fruits with higher leaf area per fruit. However, yield per tree among different crop loads was not significantly different by compensational fruit growth with less fruit set. The percentage of fruits heavier than 300 g increased significantly at the crop load of 6 and 7 fruits per TCA cm and return bloom dropped to less than 50%; hence, it was not possible to keep the same levels of crop load in the next year. Achieving a balance between vegetative growth and cropping of the high-density orchard system in the 3 and 4 leafy years is important for stable production of quality fruits. Not only for early tree calmness, but also for early fullness of the tree canopy in allotted space with some vegetative growth, it seemed to be recommendable to set 4-5 fruits per TCA cm or 50-60 fruits per tree in the 3 leafy year and 4 fruits per TCA cm or 70-75 fruits per tree in the 4 leafy year. Economically, it is not disadvantageous with higher percentage of costly fruits heavier than 350 g in spite of some low yield.

Abstract: Present studies were carried out to investigate the effects of medium composition and cultural methods on the mass micropropagation of prothalli in Osmunda japonica Thumb. Prothallus proliferation was promoted on the media with low nutrient levels, such as Knop or one-eight strength MS medium. However, nutrient deficiency symptoms appeared during prothallus growth on Knop medium. To examine proper medium for good prothallus growth, various nitrogen sources and different concentration levels were employed using one-eight strength MS medium. The addition of 6 mM nitrogen resulted in best proliferation regardless of nitrogen sources. At the same level of nitrogen supplied, nitrate nitrogen was better than mixture of : at 1:2 ratio. Ammonia nitrogen retarded prothallus growth in this species. The multiplication of prothalli was compared between homogenized culture of chopped prothallus colony and culture of divided colony on modified one-eight strength MS medium (6 mM , 3% sucrose, pH 5.8, 0.8% agar), and the former was better in proliferation through vigorous gemma formaton. So the homogenized prothalli were cultured on solid media containing agar concentation upto 1.2%, as well as on liquid media. Vigorous muliplication was observed on liquid culture with no glassy prothalli and no variation in form and frequency of sexual organ formation. Shaking liquid culture resulted in retarded growth of prothalli due to dying of prothalli tissue. In conclusion, recommended cultural method for mass micropropagation for O. japonica is stationary liquid culture using modified one-eight strength MS medium containing 6 mM of as nitrogen source.

Abstract: Previously, we reported a molecular marker designed on the basis of variation of mitochondrial genome organization for distinction of three onion (Allium cepa L.) cytoplasm types (Normal, CMS-T, and CMS-S). The CMS-T and CMS-S cytoplasms are involved in induction of cytoplasmic male-sterility, both of which are utilized in development of F1 hybrid cultivars. Reliable application of this molecular marker was tested for 116 onion cultivars developed in Korea and Japan. The molecular marker was successfully utilized to identify specific cytoplasm types of all tested cultivars, showing reliable application of the molecular marker and absence of another unidentified cytoplasm type in tested cultivars. The frequency of CMS-T cytoplasm was high in cultivars developed in Korea compared with those developed in Japan. CMS-T cytoplasm is responsible for CMS-T male-sterility of which inheritance pattern of fertility restoration is complex due to involvement of at least three restorer-of-fertility genes. On the other hand, a few cultivars containing CMS-S cytoplasm were identified in Korean cultivars. CMS-S male-sterility is more stable in diverse environmental conditions, and its fertility restoration is controlled by only a single gene, rendering CMS-S suitable for establishment of molecular breeding systems. This distribution pattern was the most evident in late-maturing cultivars. The frequency of normal cytoplasm was relatively high in early-maturing cultivars, implying most early-maturing cultivars are still open-pollinated varieties.

Abstract: In the agricultural fields application of pig slurry composting biofiltraton amending smell and nutrient unevenness, it is important for the appropriate nitrogen nutrient management to promote the availability of the crops and to minimize the risk of adversely environmental effects. The objective of this study was to determine the application rates of pig slurry composting biofiltration as basal fertilizer for Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestis L.) by considering the yield response, N use efficiency indexes, soluble sugar and nitrate contents. Chinese cabbages were grown on plastic film ground under non-fertilizer with six different application rates of pig slurry (PS) and a control treatment of chemical fertilizer (CF). The effects of a single application of six different doses of PS: 0 N (no Mg.ha), 1/2 N (7.4 Mg.ha), 3/4N (11.1 Mg.ha), 1N (14.7 Mg.ha), 1N (18.6 Mg.ha) and 1N (22.3 Mg.ha) were compared with 1N chemical fertilizer (110 kg N ha) in the pre-planting. The sidedressing N application (210 kg N ha) was applied to the mineral fertilizer in all treatments except no fertilization plot. The yields were increased according to the increase in the N application rates from non-fertilizer to 1N PS. The highest yield was obtained in 1N PS by 138,480 kg.ha, but there were no significant difference in yield among 1N, 1N PS and CF. N-use efficiency indexes of CF are the most similar to that of 1N PS among the PS treatments. In addition, statistical analysis showed that soluble sugar and nitrate contents of Chinese cabbage were not affected by treatments except non-fertilizer. The preplant PS application rate as basal fertilizer to obtain the same yield of CF from relation between different PS rates and Chinese cabbage yields was determined as 1N PS (15.4 Mg.ha).

Abstract: The genetic relationships among 60 oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) accessions including 30 pollination-constant non-astringent (PCNA), 16 pollination-variant non-astringent (PVNA), 6 pollination-variant astringent (PVA), and 8 pollination-constant astringent (PCA) cultivars were evaluated using 39 RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA)-PCR primers. A total of 185 polymorphic bands out of 250 RAPD bands scored were obtained and unique fingerprints for all 60 cultivars were produced, despite inclusion of closely related bud-sport cultivars. Pair-wise genetic similarity coefficient (Nei-Li) among all pairs of 60 cultivars varied from 0.62 (between ‘Taishu’ and ‘Saijo’) to 0.99 (between ‘Superhiratanenashi’ and ‘O-tanenashi’). Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) clustering analysis revealed two main clusters, Ⅰ and Ⅱ; all 30 PCNA cultivars formed cluster Ⅰ and showed a narrow genetic diversity among themselves (0.85-0.99). Cluster Ⅱ contained PVNA cultivars and other astringent type cultivars. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed a third group consisting of seven PVA cultivars, in addition to cluster Ⅰ and Ⅱ that were revealed by UPGMA clustering. RAPD-based phenetic relationships among the persimmon cultivar were comparable to known pedigree records, morphological observations, and reports from previous DNA fingerprinting studies that used different molecular marker types. Our study demonstrated that RAPD markers can be efficiently used for genetic diversity assessment of closely related persimmon varieties and cultivar identification, which are essential for modern breeding program.

Abstract: The effects of deficit irrigation on the accumulation of soluble solids and activation of antioxidant enzymes in fresh tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruits were investigated. Although fruit weight was reduced by deficit irrigation, dry matter was significantly increased. Deficit irrigation significantly increased sugars and organic acids compared with the normal irrigation. Content of hexoses (glucose and fructose) in fruits of moderate deficit-irrigated (MDI, -30 ㎪) and severe deficit-irrigated (SDI, -40 ㎪) plants was higher as 127.6% and 157.8% than those in fruit of normal-irrigated (NI, -20 ㎪) plants. Content of citric acid was significantly increased to 127.0% and 160.7% by MDI and SDI compared with the fruit of NI plants, respectively. Activation of antioxidant enzymes exhibited differential patterns in terms of specific and gel activity by irrigation levels through developmental stages. The specific and gel activities of SOD, POD, PPO and G6PDH in fruits of NI plants were activated 50 d at ripening stage after anthesis. However, both activities of these antioxidant enzymes are activated as early as 10 d and 20 d by MDI and SDI treatment, respectively. These results suggest that accumulation of soluble solids by deficit irrigation is associated with activation of antioxidant enzymes, and its activation seems to play a critical role in the restriction of fruit size and acceleration of ripening.

Abstract: An adventitious rooting of softwood cuttings was evaluated according to leaf number and rooting media in Native Hydrangea serrata for. acuminate. The shoots were carried to the lab in polyethylene bags and were cut to create cuttings of approximately 10 cm length. Softwood cuttings were prepared with 0, 1, 1/2+1/2 or 2 leaves and were planted in four different rooting media of S1 (vermiculite), S2 (coir dust : perlite = 1:1, v/v), S3 (coir dust : vermiculite = 1:1, v/v), and S4 (peat moss : perlite : vermiculite = 1:1:1, v/v/v), respectively. In scope of observations, rooting percentage, survival rate, bud-burst, and growth of root were determined. The more leaves attached to the cuttings resulted in the higher rooting and survival rate, resulting in the highest rooting (93.3%) in cuttings with 2 leaves. At six weeks after cuttings, rooting and survival rate had a positive correlation with leaf number (R 2 = 0.90 and 0.96, respectively). Leafy stem cuttings increased growth of root, while bud-burst was delayed. In rooting media, stem cuttings grown at S4 was found to be the best rooting percentage (96.7%) among four types of rooting media. Rooting media such as S3 and S4 contributed to the increase in root length, number, fresh wt., and dry wt., while rooting media such as S1 and S2 resulted in poor root growth.

Abstract: This experiment was carried out to figure out the changes of photosynthesis and cellular tissue of radish grown under the condition of high temperature and high CO concentration to provide the information regarding the coming climatic change. Radish was cultivated in spring season under 4 treatments, 'ambient temp. + ambient CO conc. (control)', 'ambient temp. + elevated CO conc. (elevated CO)', 'elevated temp. + ambient CO conc. (elevated temp.)', 'elevated temp. + elevated CO conc. (elevated temp.+CO)'. The elevated temperature plot was maintained at 4 higher than atmospheric air temperature, and the elevated CO concentration plot was maintained at 650 mg.L CO. The fresh weight of root, photosynthesis ability and starch contents were increased at the 'elevated CO' treatment. Also, the cellular tissue was tight and close at 'elevated CO' treatment. However, elevated temperature conditions worsened results in growth, photosynthesis ability, and starch content.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to improve the fertilization efficiency of organic fertilizer as a unique nutrient source for organic cultivation. A solid type of organic fertilizer (SOF) was applied before transplanting and then additional either or both solid and liquid type fertilizers were applied to organic cultivation of onions (Allium cepa). A liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) for additional fertilization was applied separately 4 times in Feb. and Mar. (LOF Ⅰ), 6 times in Feb. and Mar. (LOF Ⅱ) and 9 times in Feb., Mar. and Apr. (LOF Ⅲ). The combined treatments of SOF and LOF as additional fertilizers were applied as 1 time solid and 3 times liquid (SOF+LOF Ⅳ) in Feb. and Mar., or 1 time solid and 6 times liquid (SOF+LOF Ⅴ) in Feb., Mar., and Apr. The last category of treatment was application of organic fertilizer only as base. The onion growth in treatments LOF Ⅰ, LOF Ⅱ, and LOF Ⅲ was better than that of both SOF+LOF Ⅳ and SOF+LOF Ⅴ treatments. The change in leaf weight showed similar trend to that in plant height; also, the leaf weight in treatment CF (chemical fertilizer) was two-fold of those in organic fertilization treatments at the peak growth stage, the 183rd day after transplanting, although there was not significant difference in the number of leaves. After then, bulb weight showed a remarkable contrast between CF and organic group. All nutrient uptakes of leaves in CF were greater than those in treatments of organic fertilization. However, in case of the bulbs, only N and P2O5 uptakes were different between CF and organic group. The marketable yield in treatment CF was 64.5 ton ㏊ -1 , while that in treatment LOF Ⅱ was 46.4 ton ㏊ -1 , which was 72% of treatment CF. The organic fertilizer was comprised of multiple elements such as sesame oil cake, rice bran, fish meal etc. Basal organic fertilizer contained 31 g·㎏ -1 of N, 28 g·㎏ -1 of P₂O?, 19 g·㎏ -1 of K₂O and 405 g·㎏ -1 of organic matter. The contents of liquid organic fertilizer were 634 ㎎·㎏ -1 of N, 68.1 ㎎·㎏ -1 of P₂O? and 453 g·㎏ -1 of K₂O. The organic fertilizer increased pH, organic matter and exchangeable calcium in soil more than CF. Even though organic fertilizer was not readily available as chemical fertilizer, the application of organic fertilizer as the base and 6 times liquid additional fertilization in Feb. and Mar. (LOF Ⅱ) was the most effective among the other organic fertilization treatments.

Abstract: To determine the shelf life of kiwifruits (Actinidia deliciosa C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) bred in Korea, fruits were stored at cold storage for 24 weeks. Firmness significantly decreased at initial time in all cultivars and then slightly decreased with time. Loss of firmness was delayed in 'Hort 16A' and 'Hayward' fruits compared to other new cultivars. Sensory quality increased with decreasing firmness, acidity and increasing soluble solids content with storage time. Reducing sugar content was significantly increased at early stage of storage and its content was much higher in 'SKK-12' and 'Hwamei' cultivars than other cultivars. Starch content abruptly decreased at early stage of storage and was lowest in 'SKK-12' cultivar compared to other cultivars. Ethylene and respiration contents increased at the middle stage of storage and their peak time were earliest in 'Haenam' cultivar, followed by 'SKK-12', 'Hwamei', 'Daheung', 'Bidan', 'Hort 16', and 'Hayward'. All kiwifruit cultivars showed climacteric patterns in respiration and the rate of softening was closely related the content and peak time of ethylene production. Shelf life of kiwifruit were 8, 10, 12, 12, 14, 20 and 24 weeks for 'SKK-12', 'Hwamei', 'Haenam', 'Daheung', 'Bidan', 'Hort 16 A', and 'Hayward' cultivars, respectively. Among new cultivars bred in Korea, the shelf life of 'SKK-12', 'Hwamei', 'Daheung', and 'Bidan' kiwifruits was considerably decreased compared to 'Hort 16A' or 'Hayward' kiwifruits.

Abstract: Vacuum packaging induces high CO₂ and low O₂ levels to control browning of peeled potato (Solanum tuberosum). However, the presence of high CO₂ and low O₂ concentration may develop off-odor. A method that reduces browning and off-odor development was investigated in this study. Stored potatoes ‘Jopung’ at 5℃ were heat treated (24 h at 30℃, 3 h at 45℃, or non-heated), peeled, and immersed in either tap water or additive solution (with 300 ㎎ㆍL?¹ citric acid and 100 ㎎ㆍL?¹ sodium chloride) for 3 h. Samples were then vacuum-packaged with 80 ㎛ Ny/PE film and stored at 10℃ for up to 5 days. No difference was found in gas composition, off-odor, and sensorial evaluation in heat treated samples between tap water and additive solution treatments. Mild heat treatment (24 h at 30℃) regardless of additive treatment was effective in reducing CO₂ concentrations and off-odor development in the packaged samples throughout the storage period. The heat treatment also delayed browning of peeled potatoes and maintained the highest overall quality score in sensory test. Results indicated that mild heat treatment at 30℃ before peeling can be a practical method to delay browning and off-odor development of ‘Jopung’ potato.

Abstract: Present studies were conducted to examine the effects of different treatments on antioxidant activities, antioxidant levels and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in sprout vegetables of Coreopsis tinctoria and Saussurea pulchella. C. tinctoria exhibited higher scavenging activities on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals by 3 days of greening, higher ABTS [(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt] scavenging activities by 1 day, higher ferrous ion chelating effects by 3 days, higher flavonoid contents by 1 day, and higher inhibition of peroxidation of lipids by 1 day. Sprout vegetable of S. pulchella showed higher levels of polyphenol compounds after 1 day treatment. Both species had higher antioxidant activities compared to commercially available sprout vegetables such as bean, pea, red cabbage, and broccoli, demonstrating the great potential for use as sprout vegetables. As period of greening treatment influences antioxidant activities of vegetables, it seems to be reasonable that different greening periods should employed during vegetable growth to get maximum benefits out of sprout vegetables, like the 2 species tested in this research.

Abstract: Reliable genetic resources resistant to anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, in Capsicum have only been found in certain Capsicum species, e.g., Capsicum baccatum and C. chinense. Interspecific hybridization using embryo rescue was used to introgress anthracnose resistance from C. baccatum var. PBC81 into C. annuum var. Matikas. Because the interspecific hybrids were completely pollen-sterile, an interspecific BC₁F₁ as the first segregating population was raised through intensive backcrosses in which Matikas was used as the male parent. Among the hundreds of BC₁F₁ progeny, 88 plants setting many fruits were used to study inheritance of anthracnose resistance. The segregation of resistance to susceptibility in the BC₁F₁ population did not fit expected Mendelian ratios such as 1:1 or 3:1, and the frequency distribution of progenies varied continuously from resistant to susceptible. To estimate broad sense heritability of resistance, we used a real method of selection differential (i) and genetic gain (ΔG). According to the equation h²= ΔG/i, heritability was estimated as about 0.61. This result suggests that resistance of C. baccatum var. PBC81 can be controlled quantitatively, although we do not know yet how many genes are associated with the resistance.