Showing papers in "Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders in 1986"
TL;DR: A representative sample of 5-year-old kindergarten children was assessed for speech and/or language disorder, and it is estimated that most of these children would show some language impairment as opposed to speech problems only.
Abstract: A representative sample of 5-year-old kindergarten children was assessed for speech and/or language disorder Of the 1,655 children tested, 180 were identified as having speech or language impairment It is estimated that within the total reference population, between 162% and 218% would show some impairment; for the boys, the rate would be 155% to 207% and for the girls, between 191% and 251% Most of these children would show some language impairment as opposed to speech problems only Approximately 36% of the identified boys and 30% of the girls would have speech problems only, the remainder having speech and language problems or language problems only Followup studies of these children are needed to ascertain their outcome and language status in middle childhood
310 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of babbling samples revealed a general tendency for the hearing-impaired subjects to produce fewer multisyllabic utterances containing true consonants and for some of the Hearing Impaired children to produce a high proportion of vocalizations with glides or glottal stops.
Abstract: Phonetic transcriptions of babbling samples from 11 normally hearing subjects, age 4–18 months, were compared with samples from 11 hearing-impaired subjects, age 4–28 months. Longitudinal data were available for all hearing babies and for 8 of the 11 hearing-impaired subjects. The analysis focused on two measures: (a) size of consonantal repertoire over time and (b) proportional occurrence of multisyllabic consonant-vowel utterances. On average, the normally hearing subjects evidenced an increase in size of their consonantal repertoires with age; in contrast, the hearing-impaired subjects in the same age range had smaller repertoires that decreased over time. Comparison of multisyllabic utterances revealed a general tendency for the hearing-impaired subjects to produce fewer multisyllabic utterances containing true consonants and for some of the hearing-impaired children to produce a high proportion of vocalizations with glides or glottal stops. These findings suggest both qualitative and quantitative dif...
245 citations
TL;DR: Major age-related findings were an increased occurrence of complete episodes and a greater frequency of embedded episodes as a function of increasing age and the development of oral narration abilities.
Abstract: Spontaneously generated oral stories were obtained from 93 learning-disabled (LD) and normally achieving (NA) students, 14 to 16 each at 8:0-9:11, 10:0-11:11, and 12:0-13:11 age levels. The stories were analyzed using an adapted version of Stein and Glenn's (1979) story grammar. The results showed significant group and age differences. The stories told by the LD subjects contained fewer propositions and complete episodes and contained significantly fewer Minor Setting statements than those of their NA peers. Within an episode, the LD subjects were less likely to include Response, Attempt, and Plan statements than the NA counterparts. Group differences were also found in the area of interepisode relations. The major age-related findings were an increased occurrence of complete episodes and a greater frequency of embedded episodes as a function of increasing age. Findings are discussed with regard to the development of oral narration abilities. Explanations are offered to account for the storytelling deficits exhibited by the LD subjects.
224 citations
TL;DR: Group findings indicate that children referred for assessment of a developmental speech disorder of unknown origin have involvements in mechanism, cognitive, and psychosocial areas that warrant attention in theoretical explication of and early intervention for their communication deficits.
Abstract: Descriptive data are presented from three studies of children referred for assessment of a developmental speech disorder of unknown origin. Group findings indicate that these children have involvements in mechanism, cognitive, and psychosocial areas that warrant attention in theoretical explication of and early intervention for their communication deficits. The reliability, learnability, and efficiency of a diagnostic classification system that attempts to provide characteristic speech profiles for diagnostic subtypes is also considered.
161 citations
TL;DR: The authors review and critique current research on incidental language teaching, briefly discuss the theoretical reasons why incidental teaching might be expected to be effective, and discuss directions for future research on this teaching approach with children who are language impaired and mentally retarded.
Abstract: Incidental language teaching refers to interactions between an adult and a child that arise naturally in an unstructured situation and are used systematically by the adult to transmit new information or give the child practice in developing a communication skill The purposes of this paper are to review and critique current research on incidental language teaching, briefly discuss the theoretical reasons why incidental teaching might be expected to be effective, and to discuss directions for future research on this teaching approach with children who are language impaired and mentally retarded
158 citations
TL;DR: Despite the extensive training procedures used, reliability data were not comparable to those reported when highly experienced judges have been used, suggesting that the task of perceptually rating voice quality is difficult and requires extensive professional experience.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of using perceptual ratings for assessing voice quality in patients with vocal fold nodules or polyps. A 13-dimension percept...
135 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present clinical researchers with viable alternatives to basic, prototypical single-subject experimental designs, and discuss two general types of flexibility: a priori flexibility, as in combining designs in one study and ad hoc flexibility, in which a design is modified during the course of a study.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present clinical researchers with viable alternatives to basic, prototypical single-subject experimental designs. The availability of these alternatives is a product of the flexibility inherent in the application of these designs. Two general types of flexibility are discussed: a priori flexibility, as in combining designs in one study and ad hoc flexibility in which a design is modified during the course of a study. The flexibility afforded by the designs provides the opportunity to fashion individual experimental designs for specific research problems addressed. A review of the clinical research literature published during the last 10 years revealed that the flexibility of these designs has been underutilized. The benefits that can derive from using the potential flexibility of the designs are described, and specific suggestions are made for incorporating flexibility into clinical research.
89 citations
TL;DR: The proposed taxonomy serves as a heuristic model that may facilitate an understanding of single-subject experimental designs and discuss relevant examples that underscore the versatility and flexibility of this approach to clinical research.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present a taxonomy of single-subject experimental designs and discuss relevant examples that underscore the versatility and flexibility of this approach to clinical ...
81 citations
TL;DR: The authors compared the conversational repair strategies employed by language-impaired and normal children in response to a stacked series of requests for clarification, and found that linguistically normal children were more likely to answer these requests.
Abstract: This study compared the conversational repair strategies employed by language-impaired and normal children in response to a stacked series of requests for clarification. Ten linguistically normal a...
55 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrated that when the self-monitoring activity was implemented, the children began to generalize the use of the correct speech sound to their spontaneous speech outside of the treatment setting.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a self-monitoring activity in the clinical and natural environment as a method of promoting rapid generalization of a target speech sound to ...
54 citations
TL;DR: The present study evaluates the rationales underlying several hearing aid selection procedures and suggested that some procedures prescribe gain values closer to those preferred by listeners than others, although more data are needed on preferred gain values for a variety of configurations.
Abstract: The present study evaluates the rationales underlying several hearing aid selection procedures. The first portion of the evaluation confirms that the gain-selection rationales result in the selecti...
TL;DR: Results revealed rapid increases in verbal queries of five types of inadequate messages in conjunction with progress through the comprehension monitoring treatment program.
Abstract: Four language-impaired children (5:10–8:2) participated in an intervention program designed to improve their comprehension monitoring skills. A set of audiotaped adequate and inadequate messages wa...
TL;DR: There was a relationship between the complexity and potential functions of the treated forms and their generalization to the subjects' spontaneous language in free play, and it is suggested that 4 of the 8 subjects were functioning near the normal range at the conclusion of treatment.
Abstract: This study investigated the generalized effects of a language intervention program on the structural aspects of 8 language-delayed preschool children's productive language. Subjects were observed in preschool free play for periods ranging from 12 to 24 months concurrent with receiving daily didactic language intervention. A total of 57 two-, three-, and four-word syntactic forms were taught to criterion. Generalized usage was determined from (verbatim) language samples collected during free play periods in the subjects' classroom. Forty-two (74%) of the treated forms generalized to the subjects' spontaneous language in free play. There was a relationship between the complexity and potential functions of the treated forms and their generalization to free play. This effect may have been related to the subjects' MLUs. Substantial changes also occurred in the subjects' MLUs, frequency of speaking, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test scores, and Houston Test for Language Development scores over the period of instr...
TL;DR: The findings indicate that the dialogue of these programs is well suited to young viewers, with adjustments similar to those evident in adults' speech to young children.
Abstract: Dialogue from 30-min samples each from Sesame Street and Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood was described. Three aspects of language were measured: grammar, content, and discourse. The findings indicate that...
TL;DR: This study examined the effects of electrode placement on the early auditory evoked response in normally hearing subjects and found that three combinations of electrodes gave the largest Wave V amplitudes.
Abstract: This study examined the effects of electrode placement on the early auditory evoked response in normally hearing subjects. The electrodes are termed noninverting, inverting, and common. Ten commonl...
TL;DR: It is concluded that phonologically impaired children must learn to communicate facing articulatory and linguistic constraints similar to but often greater than those influencing the performance of younger normally developing children.
Abstract: Evaluation of a 6-year-old language-impaired girl's phonological and morphophonological systems revealed several idiosyncratic characteristics. Three hypotheses regarding the nature of this child's...
TL;DR: The results indicated the need to develop techniques for teaching speaking and nonspeaking retarded adults alternate methods of repairing conversational breakdowns.
Abstract: Interactions between speaking and nonspeaking persons using communication boards have frequently been found to be plagued by conversational breakdowns. Previous investigators, drawing upon anecdotal evidence, have painted a scenario in which the nonspeaker confuses the listener by transmitting an ambiguous message, the listener then requests clarification, the nonspeaker fails to clarify, and the discourse is abruptly terminated. The present study examined 5 speaking and 5 nonspeaking moderately-severely mentally retarded subjects' responses to their Listeners' requests for clarification. An informal conversational format was used to evoke 40 possible repairs from each subject. Few differences were noted with respect to the ways in which speaking and nonspeaking subjects revised or failed to revise their messages. Both groups were highly responsive to their listeners' requests for clarification; subjects rarely ignored or changed the topic of discourse following these listener requests. However, unlike pr...
TL;DR: It appears that the logarithm of the time needed for the amplitude envelope to rise from 10% to 90% of its eventual maximum level is the best predictor of perceived abruptness of voice onset of the measures examined in this study.
Abstract: Four experienced speakers were trained to produce isolated vowels with different degrees of abruptness of voice onset while keeping the maximum sound level and the duration of the sounds constant. ...
TL;DR: Findings from three studies comparing booklet- presented pictures to microcomputer-presented graphics indicate that microcomputers have certain control advantages in motivating children's repeated trials, however, spontaneous articulation testing by microcomputer may take more time if the graphics are less readily identifiable and due to associated novelty effects.
Abstract: The picture naming articulation test, one of the most widely used speech assessment procedures, provides an excellent paradigm to study the potential of microcomputers with young, speech involved children. The stimulus-response format of the articulation test is structurally similar to assessment and management procedures crossing the spectrum of speech disorders. Findings from three studies comparing booklet-presented pictures to microcomputer-presented graphics indicate that microcomputers have certain control advantages in motivating children's repeated trials. However, spontaneous articulation testing by microcomputer may take more time than booklet testing if the graphics are less readily identifiable and due to associated novelty effects. Discussion of findings includes suggestions for enhancing the client-clinician-computer interface as this discipline experiences the entry of microcomputers into the speech-language clinic.
TL;DR: Airway resistances were calculated for two newly commercialized tracheoesophageal (TE) puncture prostheses: the Panje Low Pressure Voice Button and the Blom-Singer Low Pressure device.
Abstract: Airway resistances were calculated for two newly commercialized tracheoesophageal (TE) puncture prostheses: the PanjeTM Low Pressure Voice Button and the Blom-Singer® Low Pressure device. The airwa...
TL;DR: Results suggest that published tests for assessing aphasic persons' comprehension of multiple-sentence passages do not provide valid estimates of such persons' ability to comprehend information from printed texts.
Abstract: This study assessed the passage dependency of multiple-sentence reading test items from the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (Goodglass & Kaplan, 1983), the Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia (Schuell, 1965), Examining for Aphasia (Eisenson, 1954), the Reading Comprehension Battery for Aphasia (LaPointe & Horner, 1979), and the Western Aphasia Battery (Kertesz, 1982). More than half of the test items from these reading tests were answered correctly by a significantly greater than chance number of both aphasic and non-brain-damaged adults without reading the passages whose comprehension the items purported to test. These results suggest that published tests for assessing aphasic persons' comprehension of multiple-sentence passages do not provide valid estimates of such persons' ability to comprehend information from printed texts.
TL;DR: Variation in in-Vitro airway resistance among TE puncture prostheses is shown to exert substantial effects upon in-vivo phonatory mechanism opposition to flow, aerodynamic power required to initiate and sustain TE voice production, and TE phonatory efficiency.
Abstract: Substantial differences have been established among in-vitro airway resistance properties of tracheoesophageal (TE) puncture prostheses (Weinberg & Moon, 1984). In this report, the impact of these ...
TL;DR: Eight hearing-impaired children participated in a study exploring the effect of training (+) or (-) voicing on generalization to cognates, and showed that 6 of the 8 children generalized both the voiced and unvoiced target sounds to 50% or more of the target sound probe items.
Abstract: Eight hearing-impaired children participated in a study exploring the effect of training (+) or (-) voicing on generalization to cognates. In an experimental multiple baseline study across behavior...
TL;DR: It was concluded that pure-tone LDLs are not accurate predictors of the speech LDL, and, if the clinician wants to ascertain the upper intensity for listening to speech, this measurement must be made directly.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate how accurately pure-tone (250–6000 Hz) loudness discomfort levels (LDLs) predict speech (CID Test W-22) LDLs. One ear was tested in each of 50 elderly s...
TL;DR: A 74-year-old, right-handed woman suffered acute aphasia and left hemiplegia secondary to a cerebral infarction in the right cerebral hemisphere as mentioned in this paper, where the lesion was located deep in the parietal lobe and extended to the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the head of the caudate nucleus.
Abstract: A 74-year-old, right-handed woman suffered acute aphasia and left hemiplegia secondary to a cerebral infarction in the right cerebral hemisphere. The lesion was located deep in the parietal lobe and extended to the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the head of the caudate nucleus. The patient's aphasia was characterized by severe impairment in auditory and visual comprehension and auditory retention span, as well as by anomia, agraphia, and dyscalculia. She showed rapid recovery from her aphasia, with residual deficits in writing, naming, calculation, and memory.
TL;DR: Three widely used tests of grammatical ability were evaluated for content-oriented test construction using a decision-making model and a comprehensive model of the grammatical domain was applied to individual items on the tests so that descriptions and comparisons of their content domains could be made.
Abstract: Three widely used tests of grammatical ability were evaluated for content-oriented test construction using two procedures. First, a decision-making model was developed to assist in judging the content relevance and coverage of each test using information provided by respective test authors. Second, a comprehensive model of the grammatical domain was applied to individual items on the tests so that descriptions and comparisons of their content domains could be made. Both evaluations showed inadequate content relevance and coverage for all three tests. The content domains of these tests were found deficient when judged against an external standard as well as when examined according to their own content specifications. The influence of inadequate content relevance and coverage on assessment and remediation is discussed.
TL;DR: A group right ear advantage prior to the hearing aid fitting was revealed, although there was considerable individual variability, and no consistent changes in the test scores were shown to be associated with monaural hearing aid use in either the right ear or the left ear.
Abstract: It is well documented that the majority of individuals with normal hearing have a right ear advantage for dichotic speech material. There is evidence, however, that individuals with flat sensorineural hearing loss demonstrate a left ear advantage after they have used amplification on the left side. The present study examined whether these findings could be extended to a population with high-frequency hearing impairment. The subjects were administered dichotic consonant-vowel syllable tests prior to a monaural hearing aid fitting, and the tests were repeated after 1 month and again after 6 months of hearing aid use. The results revealed a group right ear advantage prior to the hearing aid fitting, although there was considerable individual variability. No consistent changes in the test scores were shown to be associated with monaural hearing aid use in either the right ear or the left ear.