Abstract: In this paper, I have reviewed some basic concepts of the plate tectonics theory in a plain geological language with the aim of encouraging geologists to correctly understand this theory in its applications to geological problems. I emphasized the decisive role of subduction as the ultimate (dominant) driving force of all the plate tectonics phenomena. Hence, my discussion has focused on major issues such as the origin of subduction zones, slab rollback, trench retreat, trench suction and driving mechanism of plate motion (both oceanic and continental) by means of illustration with hypothetical and real examples. As much of the discussion is heavily based on my personal (original) perspectives, some of the concepts, interpretations and hypotheses may not be familiar to many and may not be readily found in the existing literature. Mantle plume hypothesis is not the focus of this paper and is thus only mentioned in passing.

Abstract: The earth is warmed up by the heat evolved by the burning of fossil fuel releasing CO2. CO2 assimilation reaction is the reaction of CO2 with water to produce carbohydrate absorbing heat. Burning reaction is reverse reaction of CO2 assimilation. If we can compensate the generation of CO2 and heart of burning with the absorption of CO2 and heart by CO2 assimilation, global warming can be protected. Plankton CO2 assimilation reduced 95% CO2 in Precambrian Eon to 400 ppm now in 35 billion years. It is said that 70% CO2 assimilation is carried out at sea. Supply of nutrient N and P to sea is most important. Large amount of NOx is produced when fossil fuel is burned. This NOx should be released without elimination procedure as it is. Large amount of N and P is contained in drainage. The drainage should be released as it is. Deep sea water contain much nutrient N and P. Shallow sea water contain very little nutrient. Agitation of deep sea water with shallow sea water increases the plankton growth. These three points are effective methods to increase the plankton growth, to increase fish production and reduce CO2 production and to protect earth warming.

Abstract: The “International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78)” keeps the important role in controlling the harmful gasses emissions to the environment from navigation activities. It was adopted in July 2011 and added a new Chapter 4 with Regulations on Energy Efficiency for ships to MARPOL Annex VI through the “Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships”, and “the Ship EnergyEfficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships”. On the other hand, Annex VI (MARPOL 73/78) also added the new definitions and the requirements for survey and validated of the formats for “the International Energy Efficiency (IEE) Certificate”. Furthermore, the role of new ships energy efficiency managements is very significant so contributing to the later ships operation through EEDI index. In this aim, the articles has presented the definitions, regulations following MARPOL Convention as well as calculate the EEDI index and assess this working of energy efficiency managements for new ship M/V Jules garnier.

Abstract: Marine sponges are sessile and filter-feeding organisms that harbor dense and diverse microbial communities of considerable ecological and biotechnological importance. They represent an important target for the study of bacterial interactions in marine ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of antagonistic interactions among the culturable microbial communities associated with sponges from the Brazilian coast. The specimens were collected over six years at Cagarras Archipelago, Praia Vermelha Beach and Urca square, Rio de Janeiro State, SE Brazil. Fifty-six bacterial isolates representing four classes of cultivable sponge-associated bacteria were studied for their ability to produce inhibitory substances. Antagonistic interactions occurred among isolates from both, the same and different sponge species. Most isolates (98.2%) were able to inhibit growth of at least one indicator bacterium. In contrast, there were few antagonistic interactions among bacteria obtained from the same sponge specimen. Our results suggest that chemical antagonism could play a significant role in shaping the bacterial communities within sponge tissues.

Abstract: Whistle sound is generally used for echolocation purposes, while the sound of the blast-beat and whistles play a major role in internal and inter-group communication. The purpose of this research is to know the power spectral patterns and fluctuations in sound based on frequency and Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the sounds produced by dolphins and observing the position of dolphins, Noisy Time Domain (NTD) and behavior using underwater camera, and also comparing between time and sound spectrum. Data recording was taken at the Safari Park of Cisarua Bogor in Indonesia, by taking data in show pool and show pool. The results showed that salinity before feeding time in the show pool with replication 1,2, and 3 has salinity value that is equal to 30%. Data at the show pool before feeding with replications 1,2, and 3 has a salinity of 29%. Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the whistle sound before feeding was different from one another, but it has the same frequency range. The highest intensity values is at sound whistle 3 before feeding time at the show pool with an intensity value of 28.03 dB/Hz with frequency interval of 14642-16000 Hz. F-test at the show pool before meals has heterogeneous value. Treat before meals at the show pool has a value of P < 0.001 and P < 0.001. Value Noisy Time Domain has differences with each other and has a lot of different sound patterns. In general, there are real differences are evidenced by F test on a range of time at each whistle on physiotherapy and swimming pool show in the time before meals. The position of dolphins in a pool show more dominant and often in the bottom of the pool, the position of the dolphins affects the frequency.

Abstract: The study was carried out in Wolaita, Hadya, Dawuro zone and Konta Special Woreda. The study was used household and key informant interview. The objective of the study was assessment of major opportunities and constraints of Honey production in central zones of SNNPR. Availability of ready and eager beekeepers to follow modern technology path way, availability of natural forest with adequate apiculture flora and water resource, availability of natural forest with adequate apiculture flora and water resource, existence of strong bee colony and a number of colonies, diversity and seasonal availability of bee forages and market access are some of opportunities of Honey production in the area. The major constraints of apiculture farming identified in the study districts comprised of lack of technical knowhow of small scale farmer, prevalence of honey bee enemies, lack of improved apiculture equipments, lack of improved honeybee flora, little attention given to apiculture development and technology introduction in the sector, lack of market oriented apiculture farming system and market information problem and others. The remedial measures for listed constraints of apiculture farming in the region recommended includes capacity building of small scale farmers, value chain analysis and value chain development adoption, pre-scaling up of proven apiary technologies and establishment of market oriented farmers apiary cooperatives.

Abstract: Bi-parental (sexual) reproduction via the fusion of egg and sperm produced by adult female/male individuals in populations of animals and plants is a key process of Life on Earth. Here, the terms “sex” (fertilization) and “gender” (role of male/female individuals as providers of gametes) are described, based on the concepts of Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) and Julius Sachs (1832-1897). In 1816, Jean Lamarck (1744-1829) introduced the purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) as a new species, and six decades later, Oscar Hertwig (1849-1922) used this model organism to elucidate external fertilization at the sub-cellular level. Moreover, Hertwig referred to “gender” to denote male or female P. lividus-individuals (gonochorists). Sexual reproduction and gender-roles are also outlined with reference to the fish leech (Piscicola geometra), a protandrous hermaphrodite characterized by hypodermic insemination and a gender-ration of 50:50. Finally, gender-issues in vertebrate development and evolution are addressed.

Abstract: Reef fishes are of great importance for artisanal fisheries in the coast of Brazil. For example, snappers and groupers are very important targets of small-scale fisheries; among the groupers, two are of notable importance: the dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) and the comb grouper (Mycteroperca acutirostris). The urgency of their management has been stressed in some studies. Compared to E. marginatus and to other groupers, there is a rather scarce literature and information on comb grouper. There is some information for M. bonaci. Comb grouper is an important target fish for artisanal fisheries in Brazil. Even though there are studies of comb groupers in Brazil, there is lack of information on the reproduction of comb groupers.

Abstract: This short article deals with useful and modern bubble models used to stage divers to the surface and correlations, if and when they exist, with actual data, usually decompression sickness (DCS) outcomes across a limited spectrum of exposures. Many of the early (wet) tests were carried out by world Navies, later by hyperbaric chamber testing and today also by statistical inference from downloaded computer profiles. All have contributed to correlation of models and data but in varying degrees as the scope of mixed gas, open circuit (OC) and rebreather (RB), nonstop to saturation and sea level to altitude diving is immense. No amount of wet or chamber testing will ever cover the ground here, but there is considerable hope and potential for downloaded computer profile data coupled to DCS outcomes to provide necessary correlations across the varied activities of modern diving.

Abstract: Present paper deals with the impact of coal mining activities on the water quality and fish diversity of Simsang River from 2009 to 2015. Six sampling sites were selected on the basis of affected and unaffected areas of coal mining activities. Certain water quality attributes such as water colour, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, chloride, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate and sulphate were analysed along with the assessment of relative abundance of fishes. The estimated value of studied water quality parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen and total alkalinity indicates degradation of water quality due to the effect of acid mine drainage (AMD) of coal mining. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) showed highest concentration of 4-ring PAH and Benzo[a]anthracene was the most important pollutant in the water collected from affected sites. Relative abundance of fish diversity was also estimated less in affected area of the River. A total of 64 fish species under 20 families were collected with highest number in cyprinidae family. The calculated value of diversity indices reflected the declining trend of fish diversity in the coal mining affected areas of the river due to degradation of water quality.

Abstract: Our overall goal is to analyze dolphin sounds to determine if dolphins utilize language or perhaps pictorial information in their complex whistles and clicks. We have recently discovered a novel phenomenon in images derived from digital recordings of the sounds of dolphins echolocating on submerged objects. Hydrophone recordings of dolphin echolocation sounds were input to a CymaScope, an analog instrument in which a water-filled, fusedquartz cell is acoustically excited in the vertical axis by a voice coil motor directly coupled to the cell. The resulting wave patterns were recorded with a digital video camera. We observed the formation of transient wave patterns in some of the digital video frames that clearly matched the shapes of the objects on which the dolphin echolocated, including a closed cell foam cube, a PVC cross, a plastic flowerpot, and a human subject. As further confirmation of this phenomenon the images were then converted into 3-dimensional computer models. The computer models were made such that the thickness at any given point was proportional to the brightness of a contrast-enhanced image with brighter areas thicker and darker areas thinner. These 3-dimensional virtual models were then printed in photopolymers utilizing a high definition 3D printer.

Abstract: This study analyses depositional environments and facies of the middle Miocene (Agbada Formation), northwestern Niger delta, based on cores and well log data, and incorporating ichonological data, that has led to a revision and re-evaluation of the facies within the study area. Log motif analysis, calibrated by lithology descriptions based on core photos, was used to define log facies associations and to identify stacking patterns and key surfaces. Six main wireline log facies associations have been recognized using gamma ray log motifs calibrated with core. Within the cored interval two lithofacies associations have also been identified, based on composition, colour, sedimentary structures, and ichnofabric. They are: slope channel sand and shoreface sequences. The interpreted depositional facies model suggests an extensive development of marine dominated slope channel fill and shoreface deposits in the northwestern part of the delta. This suggests that in the studied area, the coastal barrier complex contains a large amount of sand that was originally deposited in river mouth bars, but was laterally removed by longshore current and re-deposited on the shoreline margin and basin ward through developed of canyons on the slope which serves as feeders and conducts for slope and basin fans. The descriptive framework for the ichnofabrics analysis is based on bioturbation index (degree of bioturbation), burrow size, burrow frequency and ichonological diversity. Six ichnofabrics are recognized within the core namely: Planolites-Teichnichnus, Planolites-Phoebichnus, Planolites, Planolites-Thalassinoides, Teichichnus-PhoebichnusPlanolites and Palaeophycus-Planolites ichnofabrics. Observed tiering patterns are both simple and complex, which may reflect gradual aggradation or degradation of the substrate leading to overprinting as a stable ichnofauna structure develops. This type of tiering arrangement indicates a stable environment. The ichnofabrics are named after the dominant trace observed. Sedimentological analyses indicated that the depositional environments range from inner shelf to offshore.

Abstract: Imaging technology into the well is the tools for logging system, interpretation of data obtained from the well and to create the image with high resolution from the wells. This technology creates an accurate image (screenshot tools and the vertical seismic) on structural characteristics, layering, fractures, faults, texture and secondary porosity play an important desirable role in describing the reservoir. In the carbonate reservoirsthat most of Iran reservoirs are included in this type fractures are the most important factor in the production of these reservoirs. In the fractured carbonated reservoirs faults and folds makes unwanted changes in the structure of these reservoir. Structural complexities occur at different scales. For example, major faults and the original boundaries between formations are visible on the surface seismic data. But small-scale changes and faults in seismic data cannot be determined and it is essential to use small-scale of data and information sources. For achieving to these purposes it can be combined the result of small-scale data such as internal wellbore seismic VSP (vertical seismic profile) that having separating power in meter limit and FMI (formation micro imager) imaging logs that having separating limit in centimeter limit that could be able to modeling structural complexities and distribution of fractures around well. It should be noted that identifying occurrences around the wellbore is very important in drilling, completion procedures and development programs. FMI (formation micro imager) logs can be directly determined the inverted changes of wellbore layers and formation structures and also was an important factor for stratifying layers and determining the lithology of oil and gas explorations that can be determined the wellbore fractures, inclination and direction by using its interpretation. Moreover VSP (vertical seismic profile) logs is the way that generated signals at the surface are received by the geophone at different depth levels in the wells, which by its interpretation; changes in wellbore direction, velocity profiles, faults with higher accuracy around the wells and fractures around the well can be determined.

Abstract: Many researchers focus on the marine coastal zones. Present study was physical and chemical characteristics of soil in three different marine ecosystem of six different places sea shore (Point Calimere [Kodiyakarai], Adirampattinam, Mallipattinam and Manora), saltpan (Vedaranyam), mangroves Forest (Muthupet) Palk Strait coastal regions of Tamilnadu, India, was performed. The marine soil were selected for the following boundaries like Soil texture, Calcium Carbonate, Electrical conductivity, Power of hydrogen, Macronutrients like (Organic carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium), Micronutrients like (Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper) and others Caution exchange capacity, Magnesium, Sodium were studied. At the end of the soil collected from various stations showed differences in all analyzed features.

Abstract: The main aim of this works is to define local sequence variability and its implications for deltaic depositional sequences within the studied area. This research work makes use of depth converted three dimensional seismic cube, well logs, core photography descriptions and biostratigraphic reports. Recognition and interpretation of stratal surfaces were based on facies shifts and stacking patterns and reflection terminations derived from the interpretation of seismic data and wireline logs integrated with core photography and biostratigraphic reports. Seismic stratigraphic analysis of well and seismic data suggests that middle Miocene- early Pliocene strata within the studied area were made of six depositional sequences. Sequences are made up aggradational to progradational HST that makes up about 50% of a sequence. TST are thin and widespread while LST are restricted to within WNWESE trending valley fills typically 4 km wide and an average 120 m deep. Outside the LST valleys, transgressive surfaces, maximum flooding surfaces and sequence boundaries are coincident on interfluves. This suggests that during LST times most of the area was periodically subaerially exposed and several incised valleys/canyons were developed. These incisions/canyons acted as a sand feeder that led to the deposition of high amplitude deposits (sandstones) on the slope and within the basin floor setting. Sequences mapped over the study area show local variation associated with growth faults. There is a strong local growth fault control on sequence variability. Further local controls on sequence geometry are shelf instability and slope scars which have a strong geomorphological impact on the area. The depth of incised valleys within the uppermost HST (up to 350 m) is difficult to explain in terms of sea level fall alone because eustatically-driven sea level variations during the Miocene are generally reported to be less than 100 m (330 ft). This suggests that the character of sequence development and depositional facies preserved within the study area depends on relative sea level changes, relative rates of regional structural collapse and sedimentation rate. The occurrence of several incisions in the middle Miocene succession is interpreted as evidence of significant relative sea level fluctuations, and the presence of type-1 sequence boundaries may be the stratigraphic signature of major drops in relative sea level during Miocene and Pliocene. Variability within the depositional sequences is said to be largely controlled by local growth faults, rapid relative sea level changes, basin physiography (shelf edge) and high rate of sediment influx.

Abstract: Seismic interpretation of depth converted three-dimensional seismic survey from Ewan and Oloye fields; onshore northwestern Niger Delta has helped in the identification of incised valleys (up to 350 m) deep. This study evaluated their morphologies, evolution and the local controls that influence their development. The seismic reflections of the incised valleys are characterized by low-moderate amplitude, variable internal reflections, aggradational, chaotic and progradational-sigmoid reflection patterns overlying by parallel to sub-parallel reflections configuration. The seismic reflection characteristics are probably due to variable sedimentation processes within the valleys which were affected by mass wasting. Asymmetry morphology of the valleys suggests fluvial origin while low sinuosity of the channel may indicate high gradient and high discharge. The occurrence of incised valleys landward of the shelf edge suggests and partially reflects underlying structural control. This might be caused by uplift due to shale diapirism (shelf instability). The magnitude of incision is difficult to explain in terms of sea-level fall alone because ecstaticallydriven sea level variations during the Miocene are generally reported to be less than 100 m. This suggests that the character of fluvial incisions development and depositional facies preserved within the study area is locally controlled by growth faults, rapid relative sea level changes, basin physiography (shelf edge), shelf instability, variation in sediment input, slope collapse (mass flow depositional processes and downward cutting by downslope sediment flow). The incised valleys within the study area probably serve as conduits for sediment transport to the deep water. Seismic delineation of the distribution and morphology of these incised valleys may also provide critical input for reservoir modeling and volumetric analysis.

Abstract: household and key informant interview. The objective of the study was assessment of major opportunities and constraints of Honey production in central zones of SNNPR. Availability of ready and eager beekeepers to follow modern technology path way, availability of natural forest with adequate apiculture flora and water resource, availability of natural forest with adequate apiculture flora and water resource, existence of strong bee colony and a number of colonies, diversity and seasonal availability of bee forages and market access are some of opportunities of Honey production in the area. The major constraints of apiculture farming identified in the study districts comprised of lack of technical knowhow of small scale farmer, prevalence of honey bee enemies, lack of improved apiculture equipments, lack of improved honeybee flora, little attention given to apiculture development and technology introduction in the sector, lack of market oriented apiculture farming system and market information problem and others. The remedial measures for listed constraints of apiculture farming in the region recommended includes capacity building of small scale farmers, value chain analysis and value chain development adoption, pre-scaling up of proven apiary technologies and establishment of market oriented farmers apiary cooperatives

Abstract: This critique concerns the correct name for a species, itself a relatively trivial matter of little immediate consequence to science other than evidently complicating our understanding of diversity and this is contrary to the goal of the Binomial or Linnaean System of Nomenclature [1]. This system is presently governed by the “International Code of Zoological Nomenclature” authored by the ”International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature” and first published in 1961. There are two relatively recent editions of the Code [2,3] and they often differ in subtle and sometimes confusing ways whereby some commissioners as well as practicing taxonomists may read parts of an old rule into its current counterpart, as seems apparent in the present case.

Abstract: Bivalve molluscs are filter-feeding organisms present in the water column: during their activity, they could retain micro-organisms that are potentially dangerous to human health. For this reason, EU Regulations may require that a purification treatment be performed prior to bivalve trade. The length of the purification process could be affected by stress factors, such as parasitic infections. The purpose of this study was to determine if the presence of Marteilia spp. parasite in shellfish could modify time and efficacy of their microbiological purification treatment, in order to set up specific protocols. Lysosomal membrane stability, phagocytosis capacity, granulocyte/hyalinocyte rate and neutral lipid accumulation are biomarkers used to evaluate shellfish physiological state. These biomarkers were used to exclude any differences caused by stressor factors that could affect the purification results. Mussels were sampled from two different production areas. The presence or absence of parasites was confirmed by cytological test. Both groups of parasitized and non-parasitized mussels were contaminated with E.coli: they were then sampled for microbiological analyses and tested for biomarkers for up to 70 hours of purification. Parasitized and non-parasitized molluscs did not show any differences in levels of E. coli after 12, 24, 36, 48 and 70 hours of depuration. In relation to biomarkers, mussels seem to react to Lysosomal membrane stability in presence of Marteilia. The present study shows that the presence of Marteilia spp. does not affect the purification rate of mussels.

Abstract: A new global redox carbon cycle model is suggested. It claims that lithospheric plates’ movement exerts an impact on photosynthesis development. The impact is realized via periodic injections of CO2 coming from zones of plates’ collisions. Carbon dioxide is derived from oxidation of sedimentary organic carbon in thermochemical sulfate reduction proceeding in subduction zones. Carbon turnover is considered as a conversion of the element from the oxidized state (CO2 + HCO3- + CO3-) into the reduced state produced in photosynthesis and in the following transformation. The isotopic data confirm the validity of the model. They explain the observed correlation of carbon isotope composition of sedimentary organic matter with geologic age. It was found that the difference between carbon isotope composition of organic matter and that of coeval carbonates is an analog of the carbon 13C isotope discrimination in photosynthesis used for modern plants. The periodicity of isotopic characteristics correlates with periodicity of climatic changes, mass extinctions, with the irregularity of stratigraphic distribution of rocks rich in organic matter and other periodic events in biosphere.

Abstract: Cnidarian is thought to possess two tissue layers: endoderm (gastroderm) and ectoderm, which are separated by the layer of extracellular matrix (ECM) called mesoglea. Aurelia aurita complex life cycle consists of several stages including alternating generations of sexual adult stage medusa and asexual stage polyp (scyphistoma). The main difference between polyp and medusa is the degree of the ECM (mesoglea) development. The new protein “mesoglein” was determined as one of the main components of mesoglea. Mesoglein is the component of the mesoglea “elastic” fibers. Previously we found that according to reverse transcription PCR mesoglein is expressed in the mature medusa exclusively in the mesogleal cells. The aim of the current work was to find out at what stage of development the specific mesoglein expression occurs. Mesogleins’ expression have been checked by PCR with specific primers on the template of transcriptomes’ cDNA from different stages; by mesogleins’ antibody staining on SDSPAGE and on paraffin sections; by histochemistry staining. In A.aurita life cycle mesoglein synthesis begins at scyphystoma polyp stage at RNA and protein level in mesogleal cells (Mc) which separated at this stage as the cell type. Mesoglein stored in granules both in Mc of adult medusa and polyp on its’ way to ECM elastic fibers. Our data perfectly correspond to the recently reported de novo transcriptome assembled from Illumina RNA-Seq data generated from six stages throughout the Aurelia life cycle.

Abstract: This paper is focused on the Ecosystem Approach Framework for Planning and Management of Coastal Wetlands “EA-PMCW”, as one of the novel Ecosystem Approach’s customized frameworks. The EA-PMCW was developed by Ghoneim SA to support the land use planning and development decision in coastal wetlands as an example of the most sensitive and productive ecosystems on earth. However it translated the principles of the ecosystem approach into a step by step methodology considering the requirements of the planning process, it reflected the especial features of coastal wetlands and the challenges they are facing, including development pressures and increased impacts of climate change. The paper aims to test the applicability of the EA-PMCW within the context of the Egypt, as a rich representative case study. It starts with a brief description of the EA-PMCW and its main feature. Then it tests the applicability through exploring the potentials and challenges involved in applying different stages of the EA-PMW in Egypt. The results show high level of acceptability from the decision-makers and a promising level of applicability. Finally, some recommendations towards successful application could be extracted based on tackling the challenges and maximizes the potentials within the local context.

Abstract: Signal and spectrum analysis signature whistle of bottlenose dolphins using Wavelab, and Raven Pro 1.5 software. Analysis spectrum of bottlenose dolphin with software analysis Raven Pro 1.5 with wave data channels 1 with sample rates is 44100 Hz, encoding data 16-bit signed, length time duration is 0,7 second, and samples of data is 32386 and have 6 pattern of signature whistle bottlenose dolphins. Analysis of power spectral density used Power Spectral Density (PSD) Yule-Walker AR and Welch Power Spectral Density of signature whistles with location of research in safari park captivity, Indonesia. The pattern seen in the sound has six patterns of range is at 100-700 ms with frequency 6-22 kHz. Interval of whistle have range in pattern 1 is 100-200 ms, pattern 2 is 200-300 ms, pattern 3 is 320-370 ms, pattern 4 is 430-550 ms, pattern 5 is 550-600 and pattern 6 is 600-650 ms. Range intensity color -47 until -48 dB, range frequency 1-8 kHz, time duration 0-500 ms. Highest intensity value of signature whistle bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) is -37.71 dB in frequency 18 kHz with time duration 100 ms. Yule-Walker AR methos have result in marker 1 (perpendicular line) with clay color have (x) 2728 and (y) -15.70 dB, and marker 2 with interrupted line have (x) value 5456 and (y) value -5.55 dB. Welch method have result in marker 1 (perpendicular line) with clay color have (x) 1365 and (y) -32,67 dB, and marker 2 with interrupted line have (x) value 2728 and (y) value -32.46 dB Welch power spectral density is a good method used for signal and spectrum analysis with object signature whistle of bottlenose dolphins.

Abstract: Sequences developed within the middle Miocene in the study area are interpreted to be controlled locally by episodic shelf instabilility, basin physiography (shelf edge), fault growth and linkage. Relative sea level changes provide the major control on sequence development and deep valley incisions. The latter have a strong geomorphological impact on the area and a strong control on sequence variability. Interpretation of GDE maps shows that sands were originally deposited in river- and mouth bars with longshore drift currents redistributing the sand parallel to the shoreline. During lowstand periods, canyons developed which served as conduits for sand to the basin (deep water sand), recognized as high amplitude seismic facies on the slope and on the basin floor. This mechanism has led to the deposition of considerable amount of sandstones in the slope and offshore environments. Idealized schematic sequence stratigraphic development models have been generated for the study area, while schematic palaeogeography and general conceptual depositional models of the study area during middle Miocene time are also presented.

Abstract: Development of antibody production technologies is necessary for diagnostic treatments and drug discovery. In general, mammals are used as host animals to produce antigen-specific antibody. However, such host animals have never produced several specific antibodies because host animals may not recognize foreign proteins. To overcome this problem, we used teleost to produce antibodies because teleost are evolutionally localized in the origin of vertebrates and have an acquired immune system in addition to the innate immune system. In particular, we attempt to produce antibody using “Bubble Eye” as a kind of goldfish (Carassius auratus), which has sacs filled with lymph liquid, as an immune animal. In this study, a recombinant EGFP-His was expressed in E. coli and then injected into Bubble Eye’s sac in every two weeks. The antibodies were collected from sac instead of blood. Furthermore, a sandwich dot blotting was developed for detection of antibodies against EGFP-His. The antigen-specific antibodies were detected after 42 days from first immunization.

Abstract: From the distributional point of view of Penaeid prawn, Indian region in the present study is divided into three main sub-regions viz., East Coast, West Coast including Laccadive-Minicoy Islands and Andaman Islands. Present study also records existence of 79 species in the coastalwater of India. Out of 79 species 9 are endemic, 24 are common in east coast, west coast and Andaman Islands; 16 species are restricted to East coast, 13 are restricted to west coast, 2 are restricted to Laccadiv Islands, 3 species are restricted to Andaman Islands only. Global Analysis shows that most species are distributed within Indo-West Pacific region and only 6 species are distributed up to east Atlantic region. A statistical analysis based on the distribution of prawn shows more moderate similarity between east coast and west coast in India and strong similarity between sub-region 1 and 4 of Indo-West Pacific indicates that the Indian species are more common with Indonesian and Indo-Malaysian than East African species.

Abstract: The long-term salination of two major osmolyte systems, the ocean and the inner environment of vertebrates has been compared. The average osmolality of today’s sea (1.09 Osm) is more than three times higher than that of the blood of land vertebrates (~0.3 Osm). Of the two major strategies for ionic adaptation, in the first pattern the osmolarity of organisms (unicells, invertebrates, primitive vertebrates) equals that of the surrounding water, but the qualitative composition of body or cells fluid differ from those of the environment. In the second pattern of ionic adaptation advanced invertebrates and vertebrates maintain their energy consuming osmotic content and ionic composition of their extracellular environment. In spite of geological changes, terrestrial vertebrates maintained their physiological ionic concentration that corresponded to the sea at the time of their emergence in the Devonian era, rather than the osmolality of the ocean maintained its constancy. Paradoxically, the recent global melting of ice and snow with its temporary dilution effect is opposed by the long-term salination of the ocean. To resolve the contradiction between the salination process and its short term oscillations supported by Raoult’s law of dilute solutions, glacial periods favoring salination and interglacial periods of dilutions are: a) characterized as salinity fluctuations over geological ages, b) representing a dynamic osmolyte system against a general geochemical balance, c) directed towards a general salination process of oceans interrupted by glacial and interglacial oscillations. The gradually increasing salinity of ocean poses a long-term threat to the biodiversity and global life. It is assumed that unless mitigative measures of global proportion will be implemented, biodiversity of life on Earth will be endangered by the salinity of oceans and the shrinkage of the fresh water resources.

Abstract: Patterns in the relative differences in contaminant concentrations between the sexes of mature fish may reveal important behavioral and physiological differences between the sexes. We determined whole-fish total mercury (Hg) concentrations in 23 female summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) and 27 male summer flounder from New Jersey coastal waters. To estimate the change in Hg concentration due to release of eggs at spawning, Hg concentration in the somatic tissue and ovaries of 5 of the 23 female summer flounder were also determined. To ascertain whether most of the Hg in the summer flounder was methylmercury (MeHg), whole-fish MeHg concentrations were determined in all 50 summer flounder. Whole-fish Hg concentrations averaged 113 ng/g for females and 111 ng/g for males. Thus, females were 2% higher in Hg concentration than males, on average, but the difference was not statistically significant. Based on Hg determinations in the somatic tissue and ovaries, we predicted that Hg concentration of females would increase by 3.7%, on average, immediately after spawning due to release of eggs. On average, 92% of the Hg in the summer flounder was MeHg. To determine whether the effect of sex on Hg concentration was significantly different from the effect of sex on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration, we paired our Hg determinations with PCB determinations from a previous study, and applied regression analysis. Sex significantly interacted with contaminant type (Hg or PCBs), as males were 43% higher in PCB concentration than females, whereas females were 2% higher in Hg concentration than males. Males eliminating Hg from their bodies at a faster rate than females was a likely explanation for this discrepancy between the two contaminant types. Overall, the Hg and PCB concentrations in the summer flounder were relatively low, and therefore our findings also had implications for continued operation of the summer flounder fishery.