Showing papers in "Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development in 2011"
TL;DR: It is tempting to suggest that dietary β-glucans and alginate may be useful tools to prime the host immune system and increase resistance against invading pathogens.
Abstract: Currently there are numerous gaps in existing knowledge about exogenous nucleotide application to fish including various aspects of digestion, absorption, metabolism, and influences on various physiological responses, especially expression of immunogenes and modulation of immunoglobulin production. Additional information is also needed in regard to age/size-related responses and appropriate doses and timing of administration. Thus further research in these areas should be pursued. Immunostimulants Abstract It is well established that proper nutrition is essential for maintenance of normal growth and health of all animals including various aquatic species. During the last two decades increased attention has focus on immunostimulants and nucleotides to reduce susceptibility to various stressors and diseases, as well as enhance the overall health of fish. The immune response can be modulated by β-glucans and high-M-alginate. β-glucans are glucose polymers that are major structural components of the cell wall of yeast, fungi, and bacteria, but also of cereals like oat and barley. There is much structural variation in the β-glucans from these different sources, which may influence their physiological functions. Alginate is a polysaccharide composed of β-1,4-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-L-glucuronic acid (G). In vitro as well as in vivo studies in fish show that especially β-glucans derived from fungi and yeast and alginate have immune modulating properties. Most frequently evaluated are effects on macrophage activation and on lysozyme, respiratory burst and leukocyte activity, which have been suggested to contribute to the increased resistance against infections, after immunostimulant exposure. Although more fish studies are needed, it is tempting to suggest that dietary β-glucans and alginate may be useful tools to prime the host immune system and increase resistance against invading pathogens. As no knowledge is available regarding short versus long-term effects and efficiency, more knowledge is needed on this topic.
293 citations
TL;DR: This chapter has tried to recapitulate recent developments in molecular advances taken place in the reproduction regulation of crustacea via hormones, opioids, neurotransmitters and other molecules.
Abstract: Reproduction in crustaceans is a highly complex process that requires precise coordination of external and internal factors to be successful. The field of crustacean reproductive endocrinology has moved from the classical approach of endocrinological techniques such as extirpation and additive methods, to the modern era of advanced biochemical, immunological, molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology methods. During last two decades, extensive endeavor has been captivating on the crustacean endocrines regulating reproduction, to authenticate their roles in the regulation of reproduction as well as their biochemical and molecular mechanism of action. In the present chapter, we have tried to recapitulate recent developments in molecular advances taken place in the reproduction regulation of crustacea via hormones, opioids, neurotransmitters and other molecules. In addition to providing a review of the scientific literature, we have also included our perspectives.
54 citations
TL;DR: The development of protocol for the preparation of MSCD using the fermentor using Ulva reticulata, a green seaweed, was developed using an in situ fermentor to understand the product's keeping quality.
Abstract: Fermentation of seaweed to produce larval feed was developed using an in situ fermentor. Marine single cell detritus (MSCD), a seaweed based fermented product is an ideal material for feeding shrimp larvae. This paper deals with the development of protocol for the preparation of MSCD using the fermentor. Ulva reticulata, a green seaweed, was chosen as the base material and the enzyme Cellulase was used for the degradation of seaweeds into single cell units. Fermentation of Ulva sp was carried out by a consortium comprising a lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum (LAB) and the yeast of food grade Saccharomyces cerevisiae (grape source). Potato powder a sugar substrate and soya powder a nitrogen substrate were also added. The process of fermentation was monitored continuously by estimating the lactic acid concentration, pH and also by the odour. The microbial propagation pattern for a period of 50 days has also been observed to understand the product's keeping quality.
14 citations
TL;DR: New two hexapeptides, JBIR-39 (1), and -40 (2), were isolated from the fermentation broth of Sp080513SC-24 and the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and MS analyses.
Abstract: Streptomyces sp. Sp080513SC-24 was isolated from a marine sponge, Haliclona sp., which is inhabited by diverse Actinobacteria , and then its culture was comprehensively searched for secondary metabolites. New two hexapeptides, JBIR-39 (1), and -40 (2), were isolated from the fermentation broth of Sp080513SC-24. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and MS analyses.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, historical perspectives have been an integral component of ecological studies as shown by palaeontological research, historical ecology, genetic, isotopic and other approaches to the reconstruction of past species distributions and community structure as well as the evolution of flora and fauna through time.
Abstract: Historical perspectives have been an integral component of ecological studies as shown by palaeontological research, historical ecology, genetic, isotopic and other approaches to the reconstruction of past species distributions and community structure as well as the evolution of flora and fauna through time. With the exponential growth of the world’s human population over the past century, 60% of humans living within 100 km of the coast [1], and the projected consequences of current climate change, pollution, habitat loss and introduction of alien species, coastal environments appear to face particularly serious challenges when compared to other ecosystems. The need of forecasting the combined effects of all these physical and biological variables with some accuracy is ever more pressing if we are to mitigate and manage such changes effectively.
9 citations
TL;DR: This paper discusses the use of frequency domain techniques to reduce the vibration with the H ∞ norm as a performance measure.
Abstract: Engines and motors on board marine vessels are often mounted on flexible base supports. When the levels of vibration transmitted from such machines to the base structure are intolerable, vibration reduction techniques have to be used. In instances where machines are mounted via very stiff mounts to maintain shaft alignment, the transmission paths of the vibratory force are through the mounts. In such cases, active force cancellation at the mount locations using opposing controlled forces can be used. This paper discusses the use of frequency domain techniques to reduce the vibration with the H ∞ norm as a performance measure. The model of the system, identified using frequency response method is used in the design of the H ∞ controllers for active force cancellation. Two approaches were presented. Experimental results show a reduction of between 15 ~ 65% of the measured transmitted force at different mount locations when the machine is operated at a speed of about 1320 rpm. This frequency matches that of the machine-base system principal mode. Where the system response is not significant, reduction in transmitted force level is minimal. This limitation is the result of the control goal used in the design.
2 citations
TL;DR: The main objective of current review is to discuss the sources, possible industrial applications and current scenario of the cold adapted enzymes.
Abstract: The earth is dominated by low-temperature environments. Over 80% of the earth’s biosphere is cold, and about 90% of the oceans are colder than 5°C. This cold marine environment is characterized by challenging conditions for the survival of native microorganisms and are classified as psychrophilic or psychrotolerant organisms. The biocatalysts, produced by these microorganisms are called as cold adapted enzymes, function under extreme cold condition and display a high specificity. It is associated with a relatively extreme stability provides new opportunities for the potential application of these cold adapted enzymes in various industrials processes. The main objective of current review is to discuss the sources, possible industrial applications and current scenario of the cold adapted enzymes.