Abstract: ABSTRACT Using the 2020 regularisation of irregular migrant workers in Italy as a case study, the paper inquires about the role of Civil Society Actors (hereafter CSAs) in (de/re)bordering processes. Conceptualising borders as filters that draw distinctions through the sociocultural, legal and administrative constructs of deservingness entailed by immigration policymaking, the paper shows that, when implementing the regularisation programme, CSAs reproduce governmental distinctions between deserving and undeserving migrant workers and employers. However, CSAs can also find ways to challenge or circumvent internal borders, broadening the range of legitimate potential applicants through more or less visible and confrontational struggles, bending or even breaking the rules. In doing so, they redefine internal borders through alternative definitions of migrants’ deservingness.

Abstract: Ordinary objects can play a significant role in the making and reproduction of home, as an emplaced set of emotions, memories and relationships, among international migrants. Based on qualitative research with Ecuadorians and Peruvians in Britain, Italy and Spain, we show how certain objects, by virtue of their evocative power, help migrants to transform their dwelling places into homely environments (home making), and/or retain connections with what used to be home for them (home reproduction). We develop a framework on the potential of objects for home making and reproduction along four lines: embodying migrants’ collective backgrounds and identities; affording migrants to feel at home; encapsulating the memories and symbols of former homes, households, and significant relationships; eliciting connections with settings and events that meant ‘home’ over their life course. Such functions hold a promise to guide comparative research on migration-related materialities and on migrant transnational homemaking.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Hani’s fifteen-year journey to refugee status in Northern Ireland allows for an examination of the extended temporalities of displacement which shape the lives and relationships of women asylum seekers. The asylum process causes prolonged suffering, exposing women to family separation, repeated displacement, poverty, substandard living conditions, and detention while waiting for a legal resolution. Women like Hani remain stuck in time and space, forced to live in an uncertain present, separated from the home and family they once knew. Years spent living under these conditions reconfigure women’s imaginaries of home and family, which I will examine through broader concepts of belonging and care. Rather than remaining stuck in a painful present, some women engage in new forms of caregiving that move beyond kinship, creating new families and homes separate from the past. While these care practices create meaning in the present, they also create temporal conflicts that require women to simultaneously negotiate multiple incompatible temporalities in the ‘here and now’.

Abstract: ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted countries all over the world, not only in relation to public health responses, but on multiple other societal levels. The pandemic has uncovered structural inequalities within and across societies and highlighted how race remains a powerful lens through which public policy responses are constructed and pursued. This paper examines (im)mobilities in Australia in the context of Asian, and more specifically Chinese-Australian citizens and residents, and how these have been framed in racialized discourses that justified exclusionary practices reminiscent of the White Australia ideology. The paper focuses on how Chinese Australians’ mobilities have been (mis)represented and attacked in public and political discourse with particular attention to the situation of Chinese international students’ (im)mobilities. Our conceptual attention in this paper, however, is not only on the racialization of mobilities but also immobilities, underpinned by an understanding of the relationality between Othered ‘migrants’ and hosts, as well as between mobility and immobility. We conclude by discussing future patterns of mobility, how these will impact prospective migrants including international students, and what future forms of mobilities might mean for Australia as a country highly dependent on migrants for its economic, social and cultural development.

Abstract: This Special Issue considers the role of civil society, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations (CSOs), in contemporary migration and border governance, with a particular focus on its relationship to states and on its involvement in the control of migration. While civil society is usually opposed to states and markets, the contributions to this special issue show how NGOs and CSOs play a more complex and nuanced role. They document their different activities and attitudes, which range from resistance to (in)direct support to migration/border control, and stress the diversity of NGOs/CSOs, from professionalized international NGOs to local grassroots organizations, and from human rights to humanitarian organizations. Contributions challenge the standard divide between sending and receiving regions, as they examine civil society in different geographical spaces throughout European borderlands, in destination countries like Italy or Germany, in so-called transit states (Ukraine and Libya), and in transnational in-between spaces, such as hotspots in Southern Europe or international waters in the Mediterranean Sea. In so doing, this special issue also highlights the multiple borders/boundaries that shape migrants’ journeys as well as their socio-economic and political status from traditional state borders to legal categories: whether it rescues migrants at sea or provides welfare provision to refugees, civil society is indeed present at all the places where foreigners are included or excluded from the societies in which they find themselves. The role of civil society in migration governance is not only a research issue, but also a sensitive policy concern, not least because borders are key sovereign institutions over which states claim full control. In this context, the 2018 Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (hereafter Global Compact), a non-binding but ambitious UN-sponsored statement on migration policy, puts forward what it calls a ‘whole-of-society approach’, according to which migration governance should rely on ‘multi-stakeholder partnerships’ that would include not only governments, but also non-state actors like migrant diasporas, local communities, civil society, the private sector, or trade unions (United Nations 2019).

Abstract: "Handbook of Positive Youth Development: Advancing Research, Policy and Practice in Global Contexts." Journal of Intercultural Studies, 43(3), pp. 452–453

Abstract: ABSTRACT Based upon multi-sited research with Indigenous youth (13 to17 years old) deported from the United States and Mexico to Guatemala, this article situates young people’s mobility within multiple historical and ongoing displacements of Indigenous peoples. Longitudinal research with youth reveals that they move in multiple directions, often with great uncertainty, across geopolitical borders and that their mobility carries temporal meaning. Upon deportation, youth confront immediate, material consequences, as well as the inability to fulfill social obligations and rites of passage and the foreclosure of opportunities for long-term mobility. In other words, deportation inflicts not only physical violence but also temporal violence on Indigenous youth compelling them to live in the here and now. Moving across temporalities, I likewise argue that the migration of Indigenous youth must be understood as at once relational and contextual, developing as a social value and economic necessity among Maya families over time. These temporal insights importantly unsettle often-spatialized conceptualizations of migration as a series of linear stages of premigration, migration, settlement and post-deportation that simultaneously privilege settler-colonial jurisprudence and understandings of time.

Abstract: This special section examines the temporal dimensions of forced migration following displacement, resettlement and deportation. It recognises that forced migration experiences often cut people o ff from their past and deny them opportunities to imagine their futures, reducing life to an ‘ unending present ’ (Feldman 2018). Taking forced migrants ’ experiences of the ‘ here and now ’ as the ethnographic starting point, the special section draws attention to the afterlives of forced migration long after the initial moment of departure. Speci fi cally, it traces the ways in which historical violence and colonial legacies, racialisa-tion, hostile asylum regimes and restrictive bureaucracies continue to shape migrants ’ lives, relationships and future migratory decisions after attaining legal status and when belonging rather than citizenship is at stake. These long-term impacts of forced migration produce new forms of violence and inequality, while also generating novel forms of belonging and relationality among those who have been displaced. Moving beyond linear assumptions that are often associated with the lives of people on the move (Ramsay 2017), the articles in this collection illuminate how forced migrants inhabit multiple and often quite di ff erent temporalities at once. section

Abstract: ABSTRACT This paper positions questions of conviviality as situational as well as relational, and describes and reflects on methods which give due precedence to different spatial scales, materialities and timeframes. In this urban design research project our central question focused on the affordances and value of different local outdoor public spaces for supporting conviviality in an ethnically diverse neighbourhood in Sheffield UK. This neighbourhood had become known for tensions, played out in outdoor public spaces, resulting in part from social dynamics between more recent arrivals and relatively settled communities. We built trust by embedding responsiveness and shared benefit as key ethical commitments in our practice alongside learning about spatial and temporal dimensions of encounter across difference. Building on our urban design professional skills relating to place enquiry and understanding, we tested walking, photography, drawing, making and mapping methods including collaborating with local groups. These allowed us to develop theoretical understandings of conviviality as a pluralistic construct, fundamentally informed, shaped and responsive to the complexities of context – including socio-economic place-based histories, physical environments and ongoing social negotiations.

Abstract: ABSTRACT The concept of ‘convivality’ has come to dominate studies of everyday life in diverse places. This article starts from an understanding that our concepts inescapably direct our empirical gaze in particular ways. Surveying a diverse literature, I look at the different ways in which convivality has been conceptualised, and trace tensions between these different approaches. I show how this diversity of approaches and these tensions direct attention in particular ways and so lead to a number of lingering questions or empirical blind spots in the existing literature. Drawing on my own ethnography, in the London neighbourhood of Kilburn, I illustrate some of these challenges and outline methodological approaches which might help overcome them. In particular I unpack approaches which might support a deeper engagement with questions of structure and social change, care and incommensurability, and categorisation, cognition and context, which have received insufficient attention in the literature on everyday diversity, to date. Rather than making a case for or against the utility of the concept of ‘convivality’, I argue that the necessary first step is to extend our empirical understanding to better cover these blind spots, and then to weigh our conceptual apparatus up accordingly.

Abstract: ABSTRACT In Sweden, integration is a pressing issue particularly following the large influx of immigrants in 2015. Swedish municipalities play an important role in civic integration, with responsibility for newly arrived immigrants receiving a basic understanding of Swedish society, their rights and obligations. We analyse data from 204 applications granted funding 2016/2017 for projects improving the integration of refugees into society by co-operation between municipalities and other actors. Using thematic analysis, we identify two broad themes. One concerning the ‘what’ of integration – the Swedish values, norms and behaviours that immigrants are expected to learn in order to become ‘good’ Swedish citizens, and the other concerning the means or the ‘how’ of integration. However, although these projects are well-meaning, they may have normalizing and disciplining effects whereby the immigrant is constructed as subordinate, as the Other. Swedish gender-equality is heavily emphasized and we see how, in relation to this, the immigrant is constructed as unmodern, bound by tradition and unequal. Particularly immigrant women are produced as passive objects rather than active subjects, in need of special women’s activities and lacking as parents in comparison with the Swedish ideal.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Migrant religious institutions tend to be focal places of intercultural encounters, serving as spaces for performing national, ethnic and religious identities, as well as, dialoging and negotiating belonging within the majority society. Thiên Phúc, a Vietnamese-operated pagoda functioning in Poland, serves as an important factor in the Vietnamese migrant community affairs, at the same time remaining virtually unknown to a broader Polish public. Drawing on extensive fieldwork study results, we adapt an original perspective of a migrant religious institution as an active agent in negotiating belonging to various social contexts, namely the host society, the Vietnamese migrant community and the social space of Buddhist religious institutions. We point out to coherences and disjunctures between arguments formulated during the search for legitimisation from the diverse sources. We also reflect upon complex ways in which the negotiation strategies are related to Polish public discourse on the Vietnamese community, which tends to form two opposite arguments: one calling for better integration, the other for their isolation and invisibility. Doing so, we shed light on outcomes and limitations of particular strategies of negotiating belonging undertaken by an ‘otherized’ institution in the context of one of the most ethnically and religiously homogeneous societies in Europe.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Via ethnographic and oral history methods and transcultural memory work, this article presents the complex, ambiguous and at times contradictory relationship between a Greek family and an Aboriginal community, including the traditional landowners, in Central Australia in the 1960s. Within a commonplace narrative of colonists and pastoralists buying, owning and selling First People’s land, ownership by Greek migrants and the historical presence of Aboriginal people provides an entry point into a microhistory that illustrates and reveals under-acknowledged, fraught and fragmented facets of transcultural life in 1960s rural Australia, and the place of ethnic-settler-colonisers in Australia’s history of settler-colonialism, dispossession, and pastoralism. Through this case study, we argue the importance of uncovering, recovering and reclaiming the history of Mediterranean migrants’ transcultural relationships with First Nations people.

Abstract: ABSTRACT As tensions around the politics of race, ethnicity, and culture move back toward the centre stage of politics in the global north, it becomes ever more important to investigate how social relations between diverse groups play out in everyday urban life. Many studies of urban diversity rely on in-depth interviews or focus groups reflecting on the topic as their main method, while the growing number that include observation in public often say little about what these methods contribute specifically. I argue that to describe and understand social relations in multiethnic cities, we need to use methods that are appropriate to the register of urban public space — methods that match and capture the kinds of interactions and expressions of views that occur in public. I discuss the strengths and limitations of methods that help achieve this objective. I call them ‘pop-up ethnography’, a term that reflects both their serendipitous development and their contrast at social and spatial levels with traditional immersive ethnography. Place still matters as we try to understand everyday cohabitation in diverse cities.

Abstract: ABSTRACT The dynamics of cohabitation in increasingly diverse urban settings are experienced at various levels. Certain types of interactions contribute positively to the sense of belonging and to social cohesion while others reinforce prejudices that can lead to discrimination and exclusion. What are the different types of interactions in increasingly diverse urban settings? Are there certain types of situations that are more likely to promote or prevent bonds of trust between individuals or communities? In this article we present a new methodological framework for collecting ethnographic data on intercultural dynamics in increasingly diverse urban settings. Using what we refer to as ‘indirect ethnography’, this methodology involves collaboration with professionals and practitioners who are exposed to intercultural situations on an everyday basis and who agree to participate in workshops designed to collect ethnographic data about what they see on the ground. After a discussion of how the workshops emerged and how they are organized, we present a series of preliminary observations using theoretical insights from systems theory, especially with regards to the problem of how to talk about difference without reinforcing prejudice.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Community-based research, which involves working alongside communities, is being increasingly implemented. This paper outlines a protocol developed to explore the impact of involvement by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander researchers and life coaches in a community-based project on their aspirations and wellbeing. The proposed study will implement a mixed-methods longitudinal design, including peer researchers, life coaches and staff at Aboriginal Housing Victoria (AHV). Peer researchers and life coaches will participate in a survey and interview at baseline and 6 months. The survey and interview will capture participants’ wellbeing, aspirations, and resilience. AHV staff will participate in an interview to explore their opinions regarding the project and its impact on the broader community at baseline and 6 months. This study will contribute to the literature, which advocates for Indigenous Peoples’ genuine and authentic inclusion in research. An expected outcome of the research is that it will enhance our understanding of the goals and aspirations among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples working within the space of community-based research. In doing so, policy can focus on adhering to these goals and aspirations, thereby promoting self-determination among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.

Abstract: The global diaspora of Chinese migrants maintains vital economic, social and cosmopolitan connections between China and many Western countries. These migrants face the challenge of navigating and building social capital within Western host countries. Previous studies show that Chinese networks make use of pre-existing strong guanxi ties based on shared cultural expectations to support members. However, the thinness of guanxi networks in foreign countries raises doubts about their capacity to support the migration experience. This study uses qualitative interview data to show that both Chinese migrants and non-migrant Australians use strong ties to acquire resources, such as favours. However, Chinese migrants also make use of weak guanxi ties to seek favours in ways Australian non-migrants typically do not. This indicates a more important role for weaker – or what we call peripheral – ties in Chinese migrant guanxi networks than previous studies suggest, but also points to a lack of alternative resources amongst Chinese migrants struggling to build non-guanxi social capital ties with non-migrant populations.

Abstract: ABSTRACT This study proposed ‘performing culinary diaspora’ to examine how South Asians use food to articulate diasporic identity in Hong Kong and foster culinary encounters with Hong Kong Chinese. Drawing on in-depth interviews and participant observations of South Asians and Hong Kong Chinese in different South Asian restaurants, grocery shops, and homes, this work examined how transnational South Asian food networks have facilitated the formation of culinary space in which South Asians prepare and consume traditional food with co-ethnics in restaurants and homes. The research also considered the culinary encounters in which South Asians utilise their culinary knowledge to initiate meaningful contacts with Hong Kong Chinese by preparing ‘authentic’ South Asian dishes in different eating places. This research argued that ethnic foodways serve as a space of both social frictions and interactions. By focusing on culinary practices, this study demonstrated how the South Asian diaspora is felt, embodied, and perceived by the host society. It contributes to intercultural studies by revealing how South Asians in Hong Kong use their traditional food culture to create a sense of place, initiating cultural encounters, and promoting social inclusion in Hong Kong.

Abstract: ABSTRACT This paper explores refugee-background women’s concepts of hosts and hosting in resettlement. The refugee studies literature generally uses the term ‘host communities’ to describe a country’s citizens or established communities who interact with and may assist newcomers to build a new life. However, findings from our walking interviews project with a small group of refugee-background women in Sydney, Australia suggest that these women were actively contributing to hosting newly arrived families. They were in fact the hosts rather than the guests. They performed rituals of hosting for newcomers from similar backgrounds more so than the so-called host communities. The act of hosting involved an intra-group process that was integral to the women’s roles in their local communities. Conversely, inter-group relationships with so-called host communities were completely absent. We review how conceptualisations of hosting are used in forced migration studies. We outline how the findings on hosting challenged our own understanding of hosting in a resettlement context. Our discussion of refugee-background women’s agency as hosts for newcomers provides new understandings of an oft-forgotten aspect of women’s lived realities in resettlement, their strengths and resourcefulness, and the gendered nature of these rituals.

Abstract: The current study examines how distant outgroups are portrayed in humanitarian appeals on a popular social media platform, YouTube. Social media is a growing platform for humanitarian organisations to spread messages about crises, as they can reach a wide audience in a quick and costless manner. Drawing from theories of visual framing and intergroup relations, this study analyses how organisations frame the outgroup beneficiaries in their online donation appeals. A quantitative content analysis was conducted to explore online humanitarian donation appeals, with a focus on the visual content used to portray outgroup beneficiaries. The study sampled 187 videos from 10 prominent humanitarian organisations’ YouTube channels. Findings indicate that while humanitarian organisations have largely moved away from an explicit rhetoric of frail, dying, and suffering subjects, subtle notions of helplessness are still prevalent. The narrative that outgroup beneficiaries are passive sufferers can hence be detrimental to intergroup relations.

Abstract: ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between aid programmes and the expansion of credit and debt in the lives of displaced people who have relocated to Cartagena, Colombia over the last three decades. The article argues that state and NGO-organized aid programmes have contributed to the emergence of urban spaces for financial exploitation in which narcoparamilitary creditors extract interest to profit from displaced populations, spaces I define as ‘financial enclosures.’ In them, faulty aid programmes purportedly created to provide economic stability to displaced people have instead further entrenched their dependency on credit. Financial enclosures are geographic and socioeconomic spaces where people continue to experience the repercussions of displacement as subjects of aid and as indebted precarious workers. The case of Colombia offers important insight into how aid programmes for displaced people contribute to the creation of fertile ground for new forms of financial exploitation of precarious populations. In doing so, it sheds light on how capitalism expands and reproduces to extract profit from people who struggle to subsist in contexts of long-term displacement.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Scepticism often dominates the debate regarding the potential of human rights for eroding border regimes. Powerful actors make use of human rights to justify migration control. However, subaltern groups can also rely on human rights to challenge oppression. In this article, I argue that the ambivalence of human rights must be contextualised within the wider human rights politics pursued by different social actors. By drawing on my ethnography of the social movement contesting border regimes in Berlin, I analyse how different social movement organisations contest deportation and I emphasise crucial differences in their approaches to human rights. More specifically, human rights NGOs, which I conceptualise as moderate organisations, draw on legal notions of human rights and oppose deportations only partially. In contrast, radical organisations oppose all deportations by elaborating non-legal notions of human rights. I contend that NGOs see human rights as imperatives that need to be upheld by the law and state institutions. In contrast, radical organisations conceive of human rights as aspirations for social justice and locate the source of human rights in social struggles. These differential approaches to human rights entail a distinctive potential for eroding border regimes as they underpin different models of migration governance.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Contemporary discourses of diversity and multiculturalism are contentious spaces in Western democracies. Symbolically, they have come to serve as a forum for governments to articulate their larger nation-building, citizenship and political agendas. In this sense, multiculturalism, whatever else it is, is a model of political belonging: a form of political symbolism directed at minorities and majorities to establish the conditions of belonging to the political community. This article examines the model(s) of belonging to political community in the Harper Conservative (2004–2015) and Trudeau Liberal (2015–2019) governments, presenting textual data derived from a broad discourse analysis. It illustrates that both use multiculturalism as a form of minority and majority acknowledgment that highlights the terms of belonging to the Canadian multicultural political community. Further, it reveals a difference in rhetorical strategy. while Conservative multiculturalism prioritizes a practice of specific minority acknowledgment that casts integration to the existing national identity as the responsibility of ethno-cultural communities, Liberal multiculturalism prioritizes the general acknowledgment of difference in order to broaden the national identity, and turn it outward to global relevance. Importantly, this illustrates the surprising variability and tenacity of multicultural symbolism in Canada.

Abstract: The current issue brings together researchers who have studied the dynamics of cohabitation in various settings, placing emphasis on the ways in which researchers have shown a great deal of creativity in creating or adapting research methods in sometimes very difficult circumstances. In recent years, empirical studies of everyday cohabitation in settings have emerged in different disciplines, however, there has been relatively little research on the methods used to study this phenomenon, especially from a systemic or comparative perspective. This trend in the academic literature led us to ask a number of important questions about how to study cohabitation and why. How can emerging research on public spaces and social relations facilitate new forms of comparative analysis and social inquiry? What are the methodological and conceptual issues that must be addressed in order to understand how new forms of everyday cohabitation are reshaping cities?

Abstract: ABSTRACT This article explores the complex terrain non-government organisations (NGOs) navigate when working in humanitarian borderwork on migration management programs in transit sites. Drawing on the example of Libya it shows the scope and challenges for NGOs working in transit sites and aims to advance understanding of what it means to work within migration management structures. International and local NGOs and CSOs are deeply involved in migration management programs often as implementing partners to UN agencies and in receipt of sizeable grants. This article illustrates how NGOs in Libya, one of the most prominent transit sites, navigate their dual roles as migration managers and humanitarian actors. It draws on desk-based research, policy analysis and interviews conducted with Libyans actors working on migration alongside observations from the author based on their first-hand field experience in Libya that demonstrates the in-between relationship that has resulted in NGOs becoming advocates, implementers and allies. It highlights a gap in research about the intersection between humanitarian borderwork and migration management in transit sites, the importance of understanding the particularity of the transit context and the implications of this work for NGOs in general given the growing demands to work in transit sites within migration management schemes.

Abstract: ABSTRACT This study examines how non-migrant Kashmiri Pandits from the upper caste Hindu community construct the meaning of home and belonging via their lived experiences in relation to the insurgency of 1989 in Kashmir which led to the migration of their community. Literature indicates the meaning of the loss of home and belonging migrant Kashmiri Pandits construct while living in the host places yet the least scholarship is available for non-migrant Kashmiri Pandits. An interpretative phenomenological approach was used to explore the experiences of the participants. A total of 19 participants were selected purposively for the present study. Participants described their experiences pre- and post-insurgency period of 1989. The analysis of the data resulted in two subordinate themes: home and belonging as an emotional space and home and belonging as a socio-political space. These findings, which are based on a phenomenological approach, help to better comprehend the feeling of being a non-migrant Kashmiri Pandit and the anguish that comes with conflict-induced migration.

Abstract: ABSTRACT The blackface minstrel reflects Black histories of slavery, repression and dehumanisation that further devolved into a ‘mess of entertainment and politics, love and hate, attraction and repulsion, class and race consciousness, sincere imitation and cruel mockery’ (Strausbaugh, J., 2006. Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult & Imitation in American Popular Culture. New York: Penguin: 92). The racist origins of blackface hail from minstrel shows from the nineteenth century in the US, derogatorily mimicking Black slavery through the use of greasepaint or burnt cork, reproducing tropes of unruliness, slovenliness, hypersexuality and laziness. This portrayal was seen in theatre, film and animation, stretching across genres from the dramatic to comedy and vaudeville entertainment. While the origins of blackface vary from other forms of racial impersonation, they meet at the intersection of misrecognition and racism. Practices of racial impersonation beyond the ‘west’ raise questions of relevance, if for instance racial impersonation should be subject to criticisms of racism, given the latter’s ‘western’ provenance. Moving beyond this argument, this article asks what justifies the perpetuation of racial impersonation when blackface is no longer condoned elsewhere, and how themes such as racial inferiorisation and discrimination travel. With a brownface advertisement in Singapore as its case study, this article considers how racialised groups in other contexts are ‘minstrelised,’ and their implications.

Abstract: ABSTRACT This paper examines how young people, considered as ‘fall-away’, engage with the ‘curriculum complex’, a set of relations of adult expert communities, transnational and international corporate and educational organisations, and legislations and policies, aimed at managing and containing the ‘wild’ student through the employment of correctional practices. This paper examines young people’s engagement with the curriculum complex through two inquiries: one in the U.S. Midwest; and another in the northern Philippines. By using vignettes and student conversations from these inquiries, this paper first asks how the curriculum complex figures in classrooms; second, how students respond to it through their bold, playful, and engaged classroom and school curriculum performances; and lastly, how young people through their acts of guileful ruse, widen the curricular opening, and at the same time, expose its illogic and mastery.