Abstract: Isolation and identification of terpenoid, antibacterial compounds meniran herb (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscophy were carried out. Two kinds of extraction, i.e. maseration using methanol and the sochlet using n-hexane were employed. The extract obtained were contains terpenoids basedon fitochemical test of Liberman-Burchard n-hexane extract was tested for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC® 25292 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25293. In this study we obtained that n-hexane extract by sochlet extraction showed greater activity compared to the extract by maseration with methanol, as indiated by disc diameter of inhibition zone. Diametric inhibition zone for these two extract are 1 mm for Escherichia coli and 0,5 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, for methanol extract, and where are 10 mm for Escherichia coli and 12 mm for Staphylococcus aureus for n-hexane extract. The n-hexane extract was then purified using column chromatography. The pure extract was analyzed using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscophy. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscophy data indicated that the extract contains two compounds, i.e. phytadiene [ M+ ] 278 and 1,2 seco – cladiellan m/z 335 [ M+ - H ].

Abstract: A simple, selective, accurate reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of sildenafil citrate in pharmaceutical formulations Chromatographic separation achieved isocratically on a C18 column (Use Inertsil C18, 5μ , 150 mm x 46 mm) utilizing a mobile phase of acetonitrile/phosphate buffer (70:30, v/v, pH 70) at a flow rate of 08 mL/m with UV detection at 228 nm The retention time was 4087 The method is accurate (9915-10185%), precise (intra-day variation 013-156% and inter-day variation 030-160%) and linear within range 01-30 μg/mL (R2=0999) concentration and was successfully used in monitoring left over drug The detection limit of sildenafil citrate at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 was 180 ng/mL in human plasma while quantification limit in human serum was 560 ng/mL The proposed method is applicable to stability studies and routine analysis of sildenafil citrate in pharmaceutical formulations as well as in human plasma samples

Abstract: An investigation on the correlation between the depth of sediment in Benoa estuary and the concentration of Pb and Cu. Statistically, the sample collecting location and the sediment depth influenced the concentration of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) significantly. The variation resources of interaction between sample collecting location and the sediment depth also showed a great influence. In general, the deeper the sediments, the lower the concentration of Pb and Cu are. The average concentrations of heavy metals found in surface layer (0 cm) were 15.52 mg/kg of Pb and 35.85 mg/kg of Cu. Sediment in the depth of 10 cm contained 13.49 mg/kg of Pb and 33.69 mg/kg of Cu, while the sediment in the depth of 20 cm contained 11.51 mg/kg of Pb and 32.22 mg/kg of Cu.

Abstract: Activated carbon prepared from tamarind fruit shells by direct carbonization was used for the removal of rhodamine B and malachite green dyes from aqueous solutions. Adsorption studies were performed by varying such parameters as dye concentration, pH of the dye solution, time and temperature. The equilibrium adsorption data obtained were used to calculate the Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherm parameters. Increase in pH of the solution pH resulted in increased adsorption of both the dyes. Kinetic studies indicate that the pseudo-second order model can be used for describing the dynamics of the sorption processes. Film diffusion of the dyes was the rate determining step at low dye concentrations while diffusion of dyes through the pores the carbon particles determined the overall uptake at high concentrations. Thermodynamic parameters of the endothermic sorptions were evaluated using van’t Hoff equation. Desorption studies with acids were also performed in order to regenerate the used carbons.

Abstract: Removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution was studied using abundantly available trametes versicolor polyporus fungi as biosorbing medium under equilibrium and column flow conditions. Various sorption parameters such as contact time, effect of pH, concentration of Cr(VI) and amount of biomass on the adsorption capacity of the biosorbent were studied. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models and the model parameters are evaluated. In addition, the data were used to predict the kinetics of adsorption. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on fungi followed second order kinetics. The column flow adsorption data were used to predict break through curves. The fungi loaded with Cr(VI) was regenerated with 0.1 M NaOH solution and the regenerated biomass was used in the subsequent adsorptiondesorption cycles. The experimental results demonstrated that the trametes versicolor polyporus fungi could be used as sorbent for immobilizing Cr(VI).

Abstract: Isolation and identification of the compound which has a potency as antitumor from bitter melon have been carried out. Extraction was conducted n-hexane, chloroform, and ethanol respectively using each extracts obtained were examined with brine shrimp lethality test. The most toxic extract was ethanol extract (LC50 223 ppm). Separation and purification of the compounds from the ethanol extract were conducted by column chromatogaraphy using a gel silica 60 as the stationary phase and benzene : acetic acid ( 8:2) as the mobile phase. This yielded 3 fractions. Then the fractions were examined with brine shrimp lethality test and the most toxic fraction was found to be the fraction 1 (LC50 31,62 ppm), but the fraction that was analysed further was fraction 3 (LC50 100 ppm), because fraction 1 consists of using compounds that were difficult to separate. The purity fraction 3 was tested conducted thin layer chromatography and its activity as antitumor agent was tested using Agrobacterium tumefacien A-208. The test was in 6 weeks and that fraction 3 has a potency as an antitumor agent at 1000 ppm. The identification with gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy indicate that the antitumor isolate from bitter melon contains 3 mayor compoundsnamely dioxtyl hexadioate esther, palmitic acid, stearic acid.

Abstract: In this study, polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANi) and poly 3-methyl thiophene (P3MTh) conducting polymers were synthesized chemically as coated on the surface of wood sawdust (SD), then used for removal of arsenic ions (As3

Abstract: A simple, rapid, sensitive and precise High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the estimation of rabeprazole in bulk and tablet dosage form. In this method RP-C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm I.D, 5 µ m particle size) with mobile phase consisting of methanol and water in the ratio of 65:35 v/v in isocratic mode was used. The detection wavelength is 284 nm and the flow rate is 0.8 mL/min. Tinidazole is used as internal standard. In the range of 0.25-20 µ g/mL, the linearity of rabeprazole shows a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The drug and internal standard were eluted at 4.41± 0.05 and 2.16± 0.04 min. respectively. The intra- and inter-day variation was found to be less than 1% showing high precision of the assay method. The detection limit was found to be 100 ng/mL. The mobile phase selected for the proposed method is simple, fast, accurate and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control analysis of rabeprazole in bluk and its tablet dosage from.

Abstract: The preparation of activated carbon (AC) from sago industry waste is a promising way to produce a useful adsorbent for Cu(II) removal, as well as dispose of sago industry waste. The AC was prepared using sago industry waste with H2SO4 and (NH4)2S2O8 and physico-chemical properties of AC were investigated. The specific surface area of the activated carbon was determined and its properties studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adsorptive removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution onto AC prepared from sago industry waste has been studied under varying conditions of agitation time, metal ion concentration, adsorbent dose and pH to assess the kinetic and equilibrium parameters. Adsorption equilibrium was obtained in 60min for 20 to 50mg/L of Cu(II) concentrations. The Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium isotherm models were found to provide an excellent fitting of the adsorption data. In Freundlich equilibrium isotherm, the RL values obtained were in the range of 0 to 1 (0.043 to 0.31) for Cu(II) concentration of 10 to 100mg/L, which indicates favorable adsorption of Cu(II) onto Sago waste carbon. The adsorption capacity of Cu(II) (Qo) obtained from the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm model was found to be 32.467 mg/g at pH 4 ± 0.2 for the particle size range of 125–250u. The percent removal increased with an increase in pH from 2 to 4. This adsorbent was found to be effective and economically attractive.

Abstract: Several substituted-quinazolin-3(4H)-ones were synthesized by condensation of 2-chloro-N-(4-oxo-substituted-quinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-acetamides with various substituted piperazines through single step reaction. Elemental analysis, IR, 1HNMR and mass spectral data confirmed the structure of the newly synthesized compounds. Synthesized quinazolin-4-one derivatives were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Abstract: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a rapid and convenient and conclusive method of screening drug-polymer blend during preformulation studies as it allows polymer incompatibility to be established instantaneously. Various batches of matrix tablets of ketorolac tromethamine (KTM) with a series of compatible polymers were prepared. Batches of tablets which gave desired sustained release profile were subjected to stability testing according to ICH guidelines. The analysis for drug content was done using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The results revealed that there was no statistically significant change in drug content after storage of matrix tablets at elevated temperature of 40°C and 75% relative humidity. From our study we conclude that with careful selection of different polymers and their combinations, a stable sustained release oral dosage form of ketorolac tromethamine can be achieved.

Abstract: The research is about adsorption of three sand type (river, black beach, and white beach) wated with Fe2O3 with and without H2SO4 activated Cr(VI) in water. The research covers the determination of surface acidity of sand by acid-base titration method, their specific surface area by blue methylene method, and of the adsorption, equilibrium adsorption isotherm, and adsorption capacities to Cr(VI) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results indicate that activated white beach sand (AA2) has highest surface acidity (0.4741 mmole/g). The highest specific surface area is given by the sand control (A) (30.8969 m2/g), of beach sand is given by white to sand of AA2 (30.1203 m2/g). Adsorption capacity of sand on Cr(VI) increases with H2SO4 activation. Higness capacities is shown by the white beach sand of AA2 (1.0601 mg/g). Free energy adsorption (Go Ads) on Cr(VI) of white beach sand is -15.5053 kJ/mole indicating a weak chemical adsorption.

Abstract: A simple, accurate and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of ritodrine hydrochloride (RTH), pentazocine hydrochloride (PZH), isoxsuprine hydrochloride (ISH) and amoxicillin (AMX) is described. The method is based on the oxidation of the studied drugs by a known excess of chloramine – T (CAT) in hydrochloric acid medium and subsequent determination of the unreacted oxidant by reacting it with iodide in the same acid medium liberates iodine, which subsequently react with starch to form a stable starch-iodine complex. The reacted oxidant corresponds to the drug content. The coloured complex exhibits a maximum absorption at 590 nm. The apparent molar absorptivity values and Sandell’s sensitivity values are in the range 6.96x104 - 1.43x105 L mol–1 cm–1 and 2.45-4.30 ng cm–2, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the studied drugs in their dosage forms. The results are reproducible within ±1% and compare favorably with those of official methods of British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia.

Abstract: The kinetics of oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BzOH) by benzimidazolium fluorochromate (BIFC) has been studied in 50% aqueous acetic acid medium at 308 K. The reaction is first order with respect to [oxidant] and [benzyl alcohol]. The reaction is catalysed by hydrogen ions. The decrease in dielectric constant of the medium increases the rate of the reaction. Addition of sodium perchlorate increases the rate of the reaction appreciably. No polymerization with acrylonitrile. The reaction has been conducted at four different temperature and the activation parameters were calculated. From the observed kinetic results a suitable mechanism was proposed.

Abstract: This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of a macrocyclic ligand (L) and its new-fangled complex compounds of the general formula [M-L Cl2] for M= Ru(III), and [M-L] for Pt(II) and Pd(II) where L is a macrocyclic ligand resulted from the condensation reaction of ethylene diamine and ethyl acetoacetate. The ligand and its coordination compounds are formulated according to the chemical analysis, electronic, infrared, 1HNMR and mass spectra, as well as magnetic susceptibility values.

Abstract: Relative tautomerisation energies, enthalpies, entropies, Gibbs free energies, and dipole moments for 5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-imidazolidine and its thio analogous have been studied in the gas phase using hybrid density functional at the B3LYP level of theory using 6-31(d) and 6-311+(2df,2p) basis sets with full geometry optimization. A comparative investigation of their energies revealed that the keto form of the compound is the predominant tautomer with a very high tautomeric energy barrier. The findings conclude that the intramolecular prototropic tautomerisation process is thermodynamically unfavored.

Abstract: A simple and sensitive extractive spectrophometric method has been described for the assay of oxaprozin (OXA) either in pure form or in pharmaceutical solid dosage form. The developed method involves formation of colored chloroform extractable ion-pair complex of OXA with bromocresol green in aqueous acidic medium. The extracted complexes showed absorbance maxima at 421 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 10-50 μg mL-1. This method has been applied to the determination of drug in commercial tablets. Results of analysis were validated statistically. The excipients present in the formulations do not interfere with the assay procedure.

Abstract: The influence of Vernonia cinerea Less. on spermatogenesis of rat has been investigated. This research was held into two steps. The first activity was isolation and purification of the herb of. V. cinerea Less.. The purity of isolate was showed by the appearance of only one spot on chromatogram and its physical characteristic. The second step was identification the spermatogenesis using three groups of rat for 49 days namely i.e. normal group that was administered by normal saline, group I that is administered by 0.05 mg/g body weight of V. cinerea Less. isolate i.p., and group II that was administered by 0.025 mg/g B.W of V. cinerea Less. isolate i.p. Histological preparat with PAS- Hematoxylin dyeing was used in tubulus seminiferus observation. The result showed the cocci form of tubulus seminiferus and basalis membrane appearance. This concluded that the isolate of V. cinerea Less. herbs influenced the spermatogenesis of rat.

Abstract: 2-Heterocyclic/acyclicamino/4'-acetamidophenoxy-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydrobenzo-[e][1,3,2]oxazaphosphinine 2-sulfides (4a-j) were synthesized through a two steps process. In the first step, 2-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3, 4-dihydrobenzo[e] [1,3,2]-oxazaphosphinine 2-sulfide (2) was prepared by the reaction of 2-[(4-chlorophenylamino)methyl]phenol (1) with thiophosphoryl chloride in the presence of triethylamine in dry toluene-tetrahydrofuran. In the second step, 2 was treated with various heterocyclic/acyclicamines/4'-acetamidophenol in presence of triethylamine-/ sodium hydride in toluene-tetrahydrofuran at 45-50°C . All the synthesized compounds (4a-j) were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR(1H, 13C and 31P) and mass spectra and their biological activity was evaluated for antimicrobial activity.

Abstract: A complete normal coordinate analysis was performed by two different methods: a classical Wilson G-F matrix method and the semi-empirical molecular orbital PM3 method, for a five coordinate non rigid triphenyl antimony diester SbPh3(O2CR)2,[R=C6H4OH-o], known to be a bioactive molecule. The study of vibrational spectra suggested that the title compound might have secondary bonding interaction between the central antimony atom and the carbonyl oxygen atoms. The atomic charge distribution, geometry optimization and thermochemistry, were also calculated by PM3 method, which help in finding the potential sites of the title compound.

Abstract: Syntheses of benzylated aromatics like diphenylmethane and its derivatives by the condensation of benzene or toluene or o-xylene with benzylchloride or 4-methylbenzylchloride in the presence of a catalytic amount of various iron loaded mesoporous solid acid catalysts such as Fe/Al-MCM-41 (Si/Al=25), Fe/Al-MCM-41 (Si/Al=50) and Fe/Al-MCM-41 (Si/Al=100) are reported.

Abstract: Chromates and Dichromates have been tested for its inhibitory effects towards tin coated steel in 0.5M monochloroacetic acid. The corrosion behaviour of potassium chromate, sodium chromate, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate and ammonium dichromate was studied by polarization curves, Tafel parameters like Tafel slopes, extrapolation of cathodic Tafel line and intersection of cathodic and anodic line at open circuit potential in presence of inhibitors have been tabulated along with other electrochemical parameters and corrosion current have been calculated from Tafel lines. The efficiencies are calculated and compared reasonably well with those obtained from loss in weight data. All the inhibitors induce a significant increase of potential positive and direction accounts for cathodic polarization. The Icorr has also been calculated and that accounts well for cathodic reactions in presence of chromates and dichromates as inhibitors.

Abstract: The objectives of this research were to prepare montmorillonite and of chromium oxide-montmorillonite composite by intercalation of oxide of chrom into the silicates interlayer of montmorillonite, and to characterize some of their physical and chemical properties. The characterization indicated that the basal spacing d001 was increased from 14,11 in montmorillonit to 15,55 in chromium oxide-montmorillonite; specific surface area was increased from 69,71 m2/g to 240,40 m2/g; total pore volume was also increased from 0,05 mL/g to 0,128 mL/g; and chrom content also increased from 0,007% (w/w) to 17,16 % (w/w).

Abstract: Reaction of [1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid (norfloxacin) with thiazole / benzothiazole diazonium chloride to get new piperazine substituted norfloxacin derivative. These norfloxacin derivatives were further condensed with various β-diketone to get novel acid derivatives of 1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7- [4 (thiazol-2-yldiazenyl)-piperzin-1-yl]-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (6a-e) and 7-(4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yldiazenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1, 4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (6 f-j). Structures of these compounds were established on the basis of spectral studies viz. IR, 1H NMR etc.

Abstract: Renewable resources such as natural fibers in the field of fiber reinforced materials with their new range of applications represent an important basis in order to fulfill the ecological objective of creating eco-friendly materials. In views of enormous advantages a study on green composites using Saccaharum cilliare fiber as a reinforcing material and urea-formaldehyde (UF) as a novel matrix has been made. First of all urea-formaldehyde resin synthesized was reinforced withSaccaharum cilliare fiber. Reinforcement of the fiber was accomplished in three different forms particle (200 micron) reinforcement, short fiber (3 mm.) reinforcement and long fiber (6 mm) reinforcement. Present work reveals that mechanical properties such as: tensile strength, compressive strength and wear resistance of urea -formaldehyde resin (UF) increases to a significant extent when reinforced with Saccaharum cilliare fiber which is found in outsized amount in the Himalayan Region. These mechanical properties mainly depend upon the dimensions of the fiber used. Analysis of results shows that particle reinforcement is more effective as compared to short and long fiber reinforcement. Morphological and thermal studies of these composites have also been carried out.

Abstract: Expanded graphite (EG) is a kind of important adsorbent for organic compound such as oil and dyes. We have investigated the adsorption kinetics characteristics of this adsorbent for dye. EG was prepared with 50 mesh crude graphite through chemical oxidation intercalation of potassium permanganate and vitriol, and dye of acid red 3B was used as model sorbate. We have studied the adsorption kinetic models and rate-limiting step of the process. Adsorption rate and activation energy of the adsorption process were calculated. Kinetic studies show that the kinetic data are well described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorbance increases with the increase of the initial acid red 3B concentration. Initial adsorption rate increases with the increase of the initial dye concentration and temperature. Adsorption process of acid red 3B on EG has small activation energy. Internal diffusion appears to be the rate-limiting step for the adsorption process.

Abstract: A rapid and simple high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method with densitometry at λ=263 nm was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of lopinavir and ritonavir from pharmaceutical preparation. Separation was performed on aluminum-backed silica gel 60F254 HPTLC plates as stationary phase and using a mobile phase comprising of toluene, ethyl acetate, methanol and glacial acetic acid, in the volume ratio of 7.0:2.0:0.5:0.5 (v/v) respectively. After development, plates were observed under UV light. The detector response was linear in the range of 6.67 to 20.00 µg/spot and 1.67 to 5.00 µg/spot for lopinavir and ritonavir respectively. The validated lowest limit of detection was 21.00 ng/spot and 5.10 ng/spot whereas lowest limit of quantification was 7.00 ng/spot and 21.00 ng/spot for lopinavir and ritonavir respectively. The percentage assay of lopinavir and ritonavir was found between 98.23 to 102.28% and 98.03 to 103.50% respectively. The described method has the advantage of being rapid and easy. Hence it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of lopinavir and ritonavir from pharmaceutical preparation and stability studies.